Insomnia Informative Speech

Informative Speech – Insomnia Imagine the night before you are having an important job interview or you are due to give a big presentation. You make sure to be in bed early as you want to feel rested, be alert and look good the next day†¦ but, to your disappointment, you cannot fall asleep. You toss and turn for an hour, finally you get up to walk around, drink something†¦ by then you are so worked up about not being able to sleep that your sleep is delayed even more. Or for many of us it would be more accurate not to imagine but remember! Insomnia.The very word can make you fidgety. You may feel better knowing that 30% of the population suffers from insomnia. A national sleep poll shows that 60% of people have driven while sleepy and 35% admit to having fallen asleep at the wheel in the past year. Statistics also show that US industry loses about $150 billion each year because of sleep deprived workers. So the next time you lay awake in bed at 2 AM, certain that you are the only person in the world who isn't sound asleep, you now know that you've got plenty of company. What IS insomnia?Insomnia is the failure to get enough sleep to feel rested and refreshed. It could be caused by something as simple as drinking too much caffeine during the day or being anxious about many responsibilities. In some cases it could be a more complex medical condition. Let's talk about the symptoms * Difficulty falling asleep despite being tired * Waking up frequently during the night * Waking up too early in the morning * Difficulty concentrating during the day The good news is that you could cure most cases on your own, by making simple changes.So here's what you gotta do: We've all heard of counting sheep†¦ but really, has that worked for anyone or just kept them up longer? Adults, like children need a routine to help them sleep. Don't collapse in bed after spending an hour on the computer, even if you are exhausted. Instead, take a warm bath, keep the ligh ts low, use bath soaps and oils, I brought my favorite bath amenities by ME! bath (Show bath soaps) After your bath make sure you are putting on clean pajamas, and if necessary put on fresh linen.Get into bed and practice some deep breathing. Breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth. Make sure your bedroom is quiet, dark, and cool. Read a few chapters of your favorite book and finally close your eyelids†¦ just please don't fall asleep until I'm done my speech. Some more tips on getting a good night's sleep: Stick to the same sleep schedule every day. Studies show that people who sleep in on weekends disturb their biological clock, thereby causing insomnia. Avoid stressful situations before bedtime.Having an argument right before you go to bed will not result in restful sleep. Stop drinking caffeinated drinks a good few hours before bed. Your daily Starbucks habit may be affecting your sleep more than you realize. Just like you prepare your body for sleep, you mus t prepare your brain as well. Our brains produce a hormone, melatonin that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Light affects how much melatonin your body produces, not enough natural light during the day can make your brain feel sleepy†¦. o make sure to spend enough time outdoors every day. And most importantly, don't underestimate the affect your thinking will have. Don't let sleep – or the lack of it – invade your thoughts. You may dread going to sleep because you know that you’re going to toss and turn for hours. However, agonizing how tired you are will flood your body with adrenaline, and before you know it, you’re wide-awake. So†¦ Relax†¦ take a deep breath†¦. and have a good night's sleep!

Contracts 1 Assignment Essay

Selwyn Selikowitz Group No: 3613 Advice has been sought as to whether or not Dr. Amber has an enforceable contract with Furniture Comfort, and whether she is entitled by law to buy the couch at the discounted price. In order to address the issue, one needs to start by examining each of the four essential elements for contract formation: agreement, consideration, certainty and an intention to create legal relations. The newspaper advertisement is not an offer but an invitation to treat. In Boots v Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, it was decided that ‘a contract is not completed until, the customer having indicated the articles which he needs, the shopkeeper, or someone on his behalf, accepts that offer. ’ The items on the shelf of the ‘self services’ shop were treated as offers to treat. This decision was due to the nature of the shop. It is not only inconvenient but also practically and legally unfeasible to be entered into a contract every time one picks up an item from the shelf. Advertisements are presumed to be invitations to treat due to similar reasoning. The exception to this presumption can be found in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball, where the advertisement was determined to be an offer as there was an express intention to pay money in the event of certain circumstances occurring. This exception doesn’t apply to the present case. The reasonable person would interpret phrases such as â€Å"25% off all selected floor items†, and â€Å"We beat all competitors† in Furniture Comfort’s advertisements as not indicating a offer to enter into a contract with all readers, but merely inviting them to make an offer. Thus the newspaper advertisement is an invitation to treat. . OFFER Dr Amber saw this ‘invitation to treat’ and responded by visiting Furniture Comfort. Being unhappy with the fabric on the model, she wished to buy a couch with a suitable fabric of her choosing. She made an offer to buy the couch as long as the fabric was one she chose and the couch was sold to her immediately upon her return. This conditional offer is made evident through her words â€Å"I assume the sale will still be on†, and â€Å"I’ll need it immediately after that. † Now under the main offer she gave an option, a condition to the purchase. An option contract is defined as ‘an agreement for consideration under which a party acquires a right exercisable before a specified time to buy or sell property at a given price from another party. ’[2] In Goldsbrough Mort & Co v Quinn, the grantor gave the option holder an option to purchase certain land at a specified price at any time within one week of the agreement in return for the sum of five shillings paid to the grantor. In the present case, the option was Dr Amber’s offer to buy the couch as long as the couch was reserved for her. 3. ACCEPTANCE In response to Dr. Amber’s offers, Maggie replied â€Å"We can do that if you prefer. Let’s go to my office. † Whether or not Maggie’s reply and consequent actions can be construed as an acceptance of the offers depends on whether it satisfies certain rules in contract law regarding acceptance. (a) The acceptance must be communicated In Felthouse v Bindley, it was determined that silence cannot be taken to indicate acceptance. [3] Although the acceptance may have been inferred by conduct of the nephew, his intention was not communicated to the uncle, and thus it was found that no acceptance had been made and no contract was formed. In this case Maggie explicitly responded to Dr. Amber’s offer with the words â€Å"We can do that if you prefer. † Thus the acceptance was communicated (b) The acceptance must be absolute and unqualified The acceptance must be complete, without changing any of the terms. Otherwise, instead of an acceptance it would be a counteroffer. In Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corp this distinction was made clear, in the ‘battle of forms’ involved. ‘Acceptance’ based on changing of conditions of an offer of one party was deemed to be a counteroffer, not an acceptance. Maggie in this case has absolutely agreed to the conditions of Dr. Amber’s offer, reflected through her actions in allowing Amber to sign the special order information and also to leave with the fabric. (c) Acceptance must be in reliance of the offer In Crown v Clarke, Clarke was found to have not acted in the faith of or in reliance of the offer, but rather for his own intentions. Thus he was found to have no claim to a reward he had received under contract. In the present case, Maggie knew the specific details of the offer such as â€Å"reserve the couch now†, â€Å"take the samples† and â€Å"order the couch when I get back† Thus her acceptance was made in reliance of the offer and the option. d) Must be in compliance with the offeror’s offer Maggie complied with Dr. Amber’s offer by allowing her to leave with the samples, and placing a special order in the ‘fabric checkout binder. ’ There was therefore a legally recognisable acceptance on Maggie’s part. Maggie accepted Dr. Amberâ€⠄¢s option of keeping the couch reserved, as well as her offer of purchasing the couch

Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense in Court proceedings Research Paper

Disclosing Officer Untruthfulness to the Defense in Court proceedings - Research Paper Example An officer is just as a common citizen and should be charged, convicted and punished as any other person. But what if an officer is terminated? Is that punishment enough or more punishment is needed? These big questions have put law enforcement officers in to pressure since they are unable to produce answers to these questions. Many departments in the country have been influenced by the court orders and court decisions that have significant roles when it comes to decision making, serious debates and not forgetting long court wars with the labour organizations revolving around the issue of expectations in policy and disciplinary actions. Keywords: law enforcement officer, punishment, court orders, policy, disciplinary actions This paper has an equitable chance of disclosing the right decisions on law enforcement officers who have been untruthful in the workplace. Reasons for convicting the officer are given herein while reasons for termination only are also produced. The main article revolves around how an officer should be dealt with when he/she does a wrong thing at the work place. Should he/she be terminated only or should he be terminated and punished alongside other punishment? With this questions acting as the main research questions, the paper give satisfied points and decisions on an officer who is supposed to be judged because of his/her wrong doing. The officer is charged with allegations saying that he/she misused the office computers by accessing pornographic media while at work. First he denies such allegations but with further investigation, the same officer is charged with another allegation that his password was used to access unauthorised websites. This time the officer accepts the allegation put against him and begs for forgiveness. With this criminal activity in mind, the paper gives the right decision to be imposed on the officer alleged and also it gives the reasons why the officer was put under such punishment (Maryland, 1963, 83). The U.S justice department has produced necessary instructions on the conduct of the federal law enforcement case which may have local and state police employees involved. This local and state police may have records of untruthfulness in the workplace thus subjected to the instructions provided by the U.S justice department. Several publications including magazines such as the police chief magazine and others have published articles posing discussions on such matters of breaking law. This has led to a number of enforcement departments to provide instructive procedures and rules regarding such matters. Some of these procedures have been published and posted on notice boards and work places. Such publications may include: do not watch or download pornographic movies. But with these signs around the work places, the mission of stopping such criminal activities have not stopped nor reduced at all thus court orders are employed at such situations. If such incidences are to be stopped then some m ethods should be done. The following are the revolutionary methods for stopping such criminal activities. First credibility is essential in the working place. It is noticed that dilemmas in ethical issues have led to serious problems to many professionals over a long period of time. However, those who pay attention to such issues are very few than those who do involve law enforcement officers. Law enforcement

The Collection Activities of the Intelligence Community Essay

The Collection Activities of the Intelligence Community - Essay Example In regard to the foregoing, experts have traditionally divided the intelligence cycle into five parts: requirements, collection, processing and exploitation, and analysis and production. After the needs of the intelligence consumers have been sorted out, it is important that there is a collection. Some requirements need specific types of collection while others require several types of collection. The question on how should or can be collected to meet specific requirements is also fully settled. It must be noted that the collection merely produces information and not intelligence. It is only after the information has undergone processing and exploitation that it can be deemed as intelligence and handed over to analysts. This process includes translations of the information gathered, decryption and interpretation of the stored data (Carello, 2012). The four steps (identifying requirements, information gathering and processing and exploitation) are then subjected to experts in differen t fields for analysis and production. These analysis and production convert the intelligence gathered, processed and exploited into reports which serve the needs of policymakers (Morrison, 2011). Presently, there are experts such as Lowenthal (2011) who have added two more processes to the five steps above, so that there are seven steps in the intelligence cycle. These processes are dissemination and consumption and feedback. The reason behind the addition of the two steps is the hat how policymakers consume intelligence reports is important and that it is of great value that policymakers report back how their intelligence requirements were met to allow room for adjustments and improvements.

Entrepreneuship-creating a business opportunity(nutrition restaurant) Essay

Entrepreneuship-creating a business opportunity(nutrition restaurant) - Essay Example I have always had an interest in cooking and serving people. Thus a restaurant was the best idea. Because starting the company should also be in consideration. My finances are not enough at the moment and starting up a business would be a good source of income and has an added advantage. It is what I love doing thus no stress for me while undertaking this activity. The time for starting the company should be perfect so as to make maximum profit from it (Osnabrugge and Robinson 2000). Summertime is a perfect time to open the Chinese nutrition restaurant in London as many people are on holiday. A nutritional restaurant was the best choice as there is non-other on Middlesex Street, London (Hisrich 2011). Many people are trying to live a healthy life, and a Chinese Nutritional Restaurant would be the best choice of business. Prior to the start of any business, it is important to look at the macro market. The initials PESTEL helps a person decide how best to set up the business. The political, economic, and social environment determines the success of a company. The area should have a healthy political environment (Johnson 2005). The rate of transactions that go on in Middlesex Street makes it a perfect location to set up the business. It is an area that has many economic and social activities, thus guarantee customers (Shane 2000). The kind of business one chooses should have the latest technological advancement in them so as to serve the customers better. The business should also be legal and follow all the government’s requirements before going into it. A nutritional restaurant meets all the above specifications and would be a good idea. The street is perfect for the restaurant and would ensure profit for the owner of the restaurant (Stevenson and Jarillo 2007). Four critical factors determine the success of a business, these factors are customer, competition, company and confederations. One should identify the customers before putting up the business. A

Comparison of Neoliberalism and Structural Realism Essay

Comparison of Neoliberalism and Structural Realism - Essay Example Besides the role of sharing information, neoliberalism and structural realism have their similarity in belief in anarchy and differences on perceptions of international cooperation and the driving forces behind it. Both think that anarchy influences how states behave toward each other. They are different because neoliberalists believe that international cooperation is possible because states value economic interests too, not only military power, while structural realists think that this is difficult to achieve. Mearsheimer explained that realists believe that the state is the principal actor in international politics and states are concerned of balance of power. State activities are connected to their position in the balance of power, specifically use of military power (University of California Television, 2008). Structural realists do not think it is possible to have successful international cooperation in this context of desire for hegemony through military power. Neoliberalism dis agrees because international regimes can make this attainable, especially when economic interests through international cooperation are also essential for states. Neoliberalism assumes that states want to attain international cooperation primarily because of economic interests, while structural realism disagrees because world governmental authority cannot effectively enforce agreements among states. Neoliberalism believes that states want to share quality information through international organizations.

Bread Givers by Anzia Yezierska Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bread Givers by Anzia Yezierska - Essay Example Flint is a slaveholder and owns Linda who is a black slave on his plantation. Dr. Flint is the tormenter and burden in Linda's life for all of her early years. Linda and Sara live under the ruling of these men until neither can take it any longer. Both girls eventually escape, through many struggles, to start their own life and leave their past behind. Reb Smolinsky and Dr. Flint closely relate when it comes to the topic of work and attitude. Both put their underlings to work while they do what they want with their sufficient free time. Reb Smolinsky does not work but instead lives his life studying the Torah and memorizing every aspect of it while his daughters work full time and bring home all of their wages to him, keeping nothing for themselves. His wife waits on him hand and foot while he gets the first choice for every meal set on the table. At one point in the story when they came into some money, Sarah mentions, "Now all of us had meat for the Sabbath- not only father. And sometimes Mother had a half chicken for Father" (Yezierska 29). This shows that the father almost always had either a larger portion of meat or the only portion, never feeling bad for the rest of the family. When they moved to America, Reb made his wife and children carry his Holy books "instead of taking along feather beds, and the samovar, and the bras s pots and pans like other people"(Yezierska 8). He only thought of himself and what he wanted for his daughters and wife. Reb Smolinsky's cold, selfish attitude and undesirable personality can also be seen in Dr. Flint. Dr. Flint also had his slaves waiting on him hand and foot while he got to eat whatever he wanted and tells them to do whatever it was he wanted them to do. He realizes the extent of his authority and uses it constantly as to remind Linda of the absence of her freedom and the extent of his tyranny. At one point, Dr. Flint says to Linda, "Never look to me for help. You are my slave, and shall always be my slave. I will never sell you, that you may depend upon." (Jacobs 60). Here he is making his authority and her inferiority clear to put her hopes down and raise his pride up. Even though Reb Smolinsky and Dr. Flint have similar ways of treating Sara and Linda, the basis of their treatments have different sources. Dr. Flint does not study readings of the Torah or of any religion for that matter. He seems to be against it in some ways and does not attend church regularly until a certain point in the novel. His dictatorship is based upon the fact that Linda is a slave and he treats her so. He constantly reminds Linda that she is not free and never will be unless he is present in her life. Reb Smolinsky does base all of his rules around his religion and nothing else. He tries to make Sara and his entire family live their lives under the ruling of the Holy Torah. His strict attitude is always reflected by the Torah's dictations. Although both men have similar harsh attitudes and rules for their underlings, there are also many differences between these. The Holy Torah consists of standards which are considered "right" by Reb Smolinsky and he believes that one m ust live this way in order to obtain a place in Heaven. He constantly dictates Sara and the rest of the family by quoting the Holy Torah and reminding them that this is the right way to live and they must abide by it. Dr. Flint is not so concerned with obtaining a place in Heaven or

The Aesthetic Images and Wonderful Meaning of ''In Praise of a Snail's Essay

The Aesthetic Images and Wonderful Meaning of ''In Praise of a Snail's pace'' - Essay Example Goodman connects with her audience through using aesthetic images and wonderful meanings as well as rhetorical devices. In order to displaw her unhappiness with today’t busy society, Goodman uses aesthetic imagery and wonderful meaningl. She offers, â€Å"There are rituals you cannot speed up without destroying them† (Goodman, A21). This tells of her sadness that anyone would think to send an emaid to a grievind widow. Through this, she sows a new thought in hee readerss minds. This is that any methoe of cold communication, â€Å"continuous partial attention† (Goodman, A21), about such an important issue would by damagind. She believes that it would not be helpful tn makg the widow feel better. Her statement about â€Å"hyperactive technology† (Goodman, A21) once again gives hee readers an image of negativity about n lifeless object. She clearly gets her point across about the dangers of e-communication with this imagery. To better reach her audience, Goodma uses rhetorical device, or which the greatest is the simile  sShe does this when she compares - condolence e-mail to â€Å"serving Thanksgiving dinner at a fast-food restaurant† (Goodman, A21). â€Å"These are rituals you cannot speed up† (Goodman, A21). The reader knows that is would be terribld to share an important dinner in such a place. She also attempt, to gaig sympathy from hee readero through the uss of slanting efforts to show her negative views about the subject. This is carried oue through thy use og quotes from Linda Stone that support her goals. Goodman also seems upbeat about possible improvements in society. â€Å"People are searching for ways to slow down and listen up† (Goodman, A21). This is a positive sign than people may be relying less and less on e-communication. When she surmises that people neet more attention these days, she is emphasizing that there is a deep need for closeness in society. By com paring attention to an

Advertising and promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advertising and promotion - Essay Example This paper aims to explore the role of advertising as part of the integrated approach to marketing communications as well as some relevant models and theories that can help explain the process of communication. This is showed through relevant examples through real-life applications of companies and brand owners of these concepts. Lastly, this paper aims to explore the new trends in the integrated marketing communications industry with changes that are prompted by the onset of new technology. Advertising has a distinct characteristic both as a strong force and a weak force in communicating with consumer (Jones 1990, 233-246). The advertising functions role in the overall marketing communications mix of the company depends on whether the advertising should be used as a strong force, or a weak force. In the older times, advertising has always been viewed as a strong force—it is the main function that is being used by companies to promote products. With advertising, brands are created as they help gain peoples attention, and later on create attitudes toward these brands (Duncan 2005). When advertising is used as a strong force, it is usually aimed to create awareness from the target audience (Jones 1990, 233-246). This is apparent in an advertisement campaign which is developed in the late 1990s for the Meat & Livestock Commission: The advertising developed by BMP DDB, ‘Recipe for love’, first slowed and then reversed the market decline. The ads ‘dramatised the unique pleasures of red meat meals’ and ‘encouraged people to make a little more effort and cook them more frequently (instead of ready meals, chicken and so on)’. There was also a ‘reassurance’ campaign that gave basic information about the nutritional benefits of red meat. Sales of both beef and all red meat grew in 1997 over 1996 (Broadbent 2008, 763). However, other people believe that advertising, in

Differentiated Lesson Plan Essay Example for Free

Differentiated Lesson Plan Essay Dear sir or madam, and sincerely. Send the letters to the following organizations and have the students questions be directed toward what happened to the Native Americans because of Columbus and what happened to them after Columbus came. Differentiated Lesson Plan pg 3 Students performing about or well above grade level will: 1. In at least 3 complete sentences describe the feelings of the settlers as they were making their journey to America. Things to think about, What kind of supplies do you think they brought with them? How much of these supplies do you think they had to bring knowing that they may be without food or shelter for awhile. 2. What if any community rules do you think were implemented when the settlers came to America? 3. Have the students create a time line of when Columbus was born, until he died. Include important dates in Columbus life like the following: the day he set sail for his first voyage, the day he landed, the day he returned to Spain, dates of other voyages, etc. 4. At the conclusion of the readers theater, have the students complete a character sketch of Columbus. Include his origin, his characteristic of endurance, his characteristic of pride and not letting others tell him he was wrong, his great sailing abilities, etc 5. Have the students write letters to different organizations for information about Christopher Columbus. Explain to the students what a good letter needs to consist of. For example, the first paragraph should explain what the students are studying in class. The second paragraph should be the questions that they want answered. The third paragraph should show appreciation. Explain to the children also where to indent, where commas should go in a letter and appropriate words to use such as Dear sir or madam, and sincerely. Send the letters to the following organizations and have the students questions be directed toward what happened to the Native Americans because of Columbus and what happened to them after Columbus came. Students in group A will begin work by sitting in a group at a table or in a separate spot in the room on the floor, depending on how many students are in the class. Each student in the group will work independently on the art project, for students within the group that need additional help with drawing , they will paired with a peer. Then when they are done, collectively they will work on discussion questions. Once all discussion questions and art projects are done, groups A and B will share their work with the entire class. Then we will all come back together as a class and discuss what we have learned. Then to continue the unit we will discuss any letters that the students might have received. Discuss that even though Columbus arrival was a great discovery for the people of Europe, it proved to be unfortunate for the Native Americans. Then ask the students a final question: What do you know about Columbus voyage and also how the voyage affected the Native Americas?

Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of MS

Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of MS Currently, there are six new drugs that are being assessed by clinical scientists and some of these drugs have entered or completed phase 2 level and phase 3 level clinical trials. Three of these drugs are oral drugs and they include Lanquinimod, Teriflumomide and Di-methyl fumarate. The other three are monoclonal antibodies (mAb) namely Alemtuzumab, Daclizumab and Rituximab (Borrero et al, 2012). All of these drugs target the immune system in different ways but some of them still present with some side effects as well which are discussed below. Starting with Lanquinimod, it is an immunomodulator that is currently being trialled in patients with RRMS and SPMS. It has a very small recommended dose of 0.6 mg daily and it exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. These properties are believed to support the downregulation of MHC class II transcription factors, stimulation of neurotrophic factors, activation and up-regulation of the IL-4 pathway in CD4+ T cell for anti-inflammatory effects. It also promotes apoptosis in Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+) and B-cells and also suppresses metabolism in CD14+ and natural killer cells (Thà ¶ne et al., 2016). It is currently undergoing Phase III trials and has resulted in 23% reduction in the rate of relapse of MS while there has been a 37% reduction in contrast enhancing lesions in volunteers (Borrero et al, 2012). Its side effect is only the upregulation of Liver Function Tests (LFTs) The second oral drug that is undergoing phase III clinical trials is Teriflunomide and it is being trialled for patients with RRMS and SPMS. Doses ranging from 7 to 14 mgs daily are recommended to be administered orally in patients. Its mode of action depends on sequestering the production of DNA pyrimidine bases by acting as an inhibitor for the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, which is essential in de novo pyrimidine synthesis in T and B cells that are rapidly dividing. This reduces any inflammation that wouldve been caused by those cells and thus immune suppression is achieved. According to Borrero et al, it has a success rate of 61% in reducing contrast enhancing lesions, a rate of 30% in reducing Annualized relapse rates (ARRs) and disability progression was observed to be reduced to 23-30%. Terfilunomidess side effects include Nasopharyngitis; which is the inflammation of the nasopharyngeal duct, diarrhoea, back pain, fatigue, hair thinning, influenza, Urinary Tract Infecti on (UTI), nausea and elevated LFTs (Borrero et al, 2012). The third oral drug is Di-methyl fumarate (DMF) or BG-12. It is also undergoing type III clinical trials for patients with RRMS. Its suggested dose is 120-24 mg three times a day. It has shown a decrease of 69% in contrast enhancing lesions in its phase II trial and its phase III trials have so far showed 53% reduction in ARR, 38% reduction in disability progression and in 2 years, by 49% (Borrero et al, 2012). Di-methyl fumarates mode of action is still being debated but it is believed that it can regulate oxidative pathways which may in turn affect other signalling pathways that are responsible for inducing tissue damage. Studies by Moharregh -Khiabani et al in 2009 showed that DMF had an inhibitory effect on the nuclear factor NFÃŽ ºB dependant, TNF ÃŽ ± induced gene transcription in endothelial cells. It is also believed that DMF can stimulate cells to secrete cytokines such as IL-10, IL-4 and IL_5 which have anti-inflammatory properties thus allowing a more Th2 focused response than a Th1 one (Wierinckx et al., 2005). Moreover, DMF is believed to have a neuroprotective therapeutic effect as well. This occurs as it causes an upregulation in the levels of the detoxification enzyme; NADPH but like other emerging drugs, it has side effects. These side effects include diarrhoea, cramps, elevated LFT, nausea and can cause flushing and in very rare cases, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) (MS Society 2016). Other novel therapies include the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for the treatment of MS. As of now, there are three that are undergoing phase II and III trials respectively. Alemtuzumab is one such mAb that is in its phase III clinical trial for patients with RRMS and SPMS. Its recommended dosage is Intravenous infusion of 12- 24 mg daily for a course of 5 days every month if its a 1 year course and this can be increased to 24mg on the 12th month. Its mode of action is causing the destruction of circulating immune cells by binding on to CD52 on mature leukocytes which results in the lysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, eosinophils, NK cells, monocytes and macrophages as well (Hart and Bainbridge 2016). In phase III trials, it has so far shown up to 75% reduction in sustained accumulation disability and up to 74% reduction in relapse rate but has been associated with potentially increasing the risk of autoimmunity which included thyroiditis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpur a, autoimmune thyroid-related problems, Goodpastures syndrome and also, can cause flushing and headaches (Borrero et al, 2012) . As of yet, it has not been approved by the FDA as it is still undergoing trials but it is used as a medication for treating a form of blood cancer called B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) (FDA 2016). References https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne_Wierinckx/publication/7750124_Detoxication_enzyme_inducers_modify_cytokine_production_in_rat_mixed_glial_cells/links/0c960534be656953a2000000/Detoxication-enzyme-inducers-modify-cytokine-production-in-rat-mixed-glial-cells.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724664/ http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1756285612450936 https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm082681.htm http://www.ajmc.com/journals/supplement/2016/cost-effectiveness-multiple-sclerosis/cost-effectiveness-multiple-sclerosis-current-emerging-treatment/P-3 https://www.mssociety.org.uk/what-is-ms/treatments-and-therapies/licensed-disease-modifying-drugs/Tecfidera

Drill Press :: essays research papers

Drilling holes is something most of us have done, whether as part of a hobby, or for our jobs. One of the basic tools for the homeowner, the handyman, or a contractor is an electric drill. While hand-held power drills are some of the most used tools in the box, they are not necessarily the most accurate. When you need an exact hole drilled at a precise angle, or maybe a hundred of these holes, then the tool you want is a Drill Press. The drill press is a larger version of a hand drill with additional features. The main difference is the amount of structure, with a hand drill, it is difficult to be sure that the holes you are drilling are exactly perpendicular to the piece, but this is not a problem with the drill press. Drill presses are stationary shop tools that are designed to drill precise holes. The operating principle is the same as for a hand-held power drill, a motor turning a drill bit, but the emphasis here is on accuracy as opposed to utility. The drill press is not a very large machine, but it has quite a bit of flexibility built into it. Using the table, you can work on a part that is two or three feet long. But the table can be moved out of the way if you have parts longer than that. You will notice that the table has T-slots on it. On most drill presses there are similar T-slots on the base, so you can move the table out of the way and you have what is a second table, but placed much lower and giving you a lot more room. A useful feature your drill press might have is a XY table. Normally when you are working on a part, you need to be sure the piece is placed on the table in an exact location before you clamp it down. This is often difficult and takes several tried before you get it right. With an XY table, since the entire table is adjustable, you can clamp down the piece anywhere and then move the table into position. It is called an XY table because there are two wheels, on which moves it forward and backwards, and another that moves it left and right. A drill press is a fairly robust machine but it does have its limitations. Drill Press :: essays research papers Drilling holes is something most of us have done, whether as part of a hobby, or for our jobs. One of the basic tools for the homeowner, the handyman, or a contractor is an electric drill. While hand-held power drills are some of the most used tools in the box, they are not necessarily the most accurate. When you need an exact hole drilled at a precise angle, or maybe a hundred of these holes, then the tool you want is a Drill Press. The drill press is a larger version of a hand drill with additional features. The main difference is the amount of structure, with a hand drill, it is difficult to be sure that the holes you are drilling are exactly perpendicular to the piece, but this is not a problem with the drill press. Drill presses are stationary shop tools that are designed to drill precise holes. The operating principle is the same as for a hand-held power drill, a motor turning a drill bit, but the emphasis here is on accuracy as opposed to utility. The drill press is not a very large machine, but it has quite a bit of flexibility built into it. Using the table, you can work on a part that is two or three feet long. But the table can be moved out of the way if you have parts longer than that. You will notice that the table has T-slots on it. On most drill presses there are similar T-slots on the base, so you can move the table out of the way and you have what is a second table, but placed much lower and giving you a lot more room. A useful feature your drill press might have is a XY table. Normally when you are working on a part, you need to be sure the piece is placed on the table in an exact location before you clamp it down. This is often difficult and takes several tried before you get it right. With an XY table, since the entire table is adjustable, you can clamp down the piece anywhere and then move the table into position. It is called an XY table because there are two wheels, on which moves it forward and backwards, and another that moves it left and right. A drill press is a fairly robust machine but it does have its limitations.

Latino Punk Music :: Politics Political Spanish Rock Essays

Latino Punk Music Abrasive rock music has rarely been considered a potent political force in the United States. Punk is no exception to this rule. As a subculture, punk has received much more atention for its hairstyles and caustic sounds than its politics. As Daniel Rosenblat points out, punk rock â€Å"Confound[s] our conventional (western) notions of politics by [its] emphasis on maters which we consign to different domains entirely† (1). What he means i s that because punk does not express its political discourse in traditional venues or traditional terms, it is discounted as apolitical or politicaly impotent. To wit, Hebdige argues that subcultures can do litle more than provide a ‘signal of Refusal,’ and should be considered â€Å"just the darker side of sets of regulations† (3). Latino punks have countered these claims since the 1970s, with lyrical assertions that their political speech is an essential precursor to political change. In this paper I explore the wa ys in which contemporary Latino punk self -defines as political, in contrast to early punk bands who refused to be affiliated with politics. By explicitly aligning with political causes, Latino punk establishes a tension between punk’s historical tendencies towards ‘forgetfulness’ and ‘self -fulfilment,’ and new political agendas that push awareness and change. I conclude by asserting that the punk movement is preoccupied with individual fulfilment at the expense of political activism, a tendenc y that ultimately undermines its political import. Jose Palafox, of Wiretap Magazine, portrays Latino punk as a departure from the larger subcultural category of punk, which he dismisses as â€Å"fast, in -your-face music played by weird -looking white youth.† M any Latino punks assert that as members of a marginalized group within the United States, politics are a necessary element of their musical expressions. Incensed lyrics demand change on behalf of Latin Americans denied political voice. Los Crudos was one such purveyor of this politicaly inclined ‘in - your-face music’ and as a particularly popular and active group within the hardcore -punk community, Los Crudos is in many ways representative of Latino punk in the 1990s. The band began its musical efforts i n Pilsen, the Chicago barrio where lead singer Martin Sorrondeguy spent his childhood. The band’s messages focus on the problems effecting Latin Americans both in the United States and abroad. Sorrondeguy explains: â€Å"We wanted to communicate with other ki ds and with people in our neighborhood about things that were effecting us† (qtd.

Police and Gratuities: The Slippery Slope Essay examples -- Ethics, L

Gratuity Something given voluntarily or beyond obligation usually for some service. (Dictionary, 2010) When does a cup of coffee become a gratuity for a police officer? What is acceptable and what is not acceptable? If a police officer takes a free cup of coffee or a half priced meal does that make him vulnerable to take more. Does that act make the officer a bad officer or a corrupt officer? Does the person giving the gratuity expect something in return or is it just a gesture for the work the officer is doing? Almost every police department has a policy on the acceptance of gifts and gratuities for the officers and the department. Some police departments allow no gifts or gratuities and some may have a policy that states as long as one person is not the recipient and it is available to the whole department then it is acceptable. How does a police department come up with a policy the does not create animosity toward the department from the public that wants to give to them for the services that they provide with no strings attached. You have some business that want to give money to a police department that needs to buy equipment for the officer on the street. Do you tell the business person that you can’t accept the money and that the officer will have to do the best that they can. No, I think when it comes to a safety issue and the gift is not for just one person the department will come out in the good end. Agencies can develop a gratuity policy by seeking the help of many officers and local business owners and by reviewing established policies in other jurisdictions. Such a policy should tie directly with modern law enforcement's strict code of ethics regarding financial gains or rewards. (Sewell, 2007) The slippery... ...cal issue? The caliber of officers that are coming out of the police academies these days are top notch and most police departments have the safe guards in place to keep officers from sliding down the slippery slope that would damage the confidence that the public has in the department. In the end gratuities, gifts and corruption will be a part of the police world as it has been from the beginning of the police community. It is incumbent upon the officers and the administration to keep the checks and balances in place so as not to damage the imagine of the police department and the city. Works Cited Dictionary, M.-W. O. (2010, June 16). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Kleinig, J. (1996). The Ethics of Policing . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, ). Sewell, C. (2007, Apri). Gratuities. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 76(4) , pp. 8-12.

How to Make Strawberry Bannana Pancakes Essay

Is it early in the morning and your really hungry? Well there is a solution for that. By making the best Strwaberry Bannana Pancakes you ever had. There are very easy to make, and every one loves them. It only takes about fifteen easy minutes the most to make the pancakes. To Make Strawberry Bannana Pancakes the first thing you will need of course is strawberry’s and bannana’s. Next you will need flour, milk, butter, and a mixer. Then you will need a knife a stove, and a spachula. Finally you will need a plate and syrup. These are all the things that you need to make strawberry bannana pancakes. So this is the first step to make these delicious pancakes. Now that you have all the ingredients to make these delicious pancakes, you can now start. First of all you need a mixer. Then you pour the pancake mix, butter, and milk in the mixer bowl. So you put those three things in the mixer and press the power button to turn the mixer on. Now you have to wait about two minutes or until the batter looks kind of thick. Next you turn on the stove and put it on medium so not to hot or to low. Then you put the pan on the stove and let it heat up for about thirty seconds. After the pan heats up you pour the pancake batter on the pan and try to make like a little circle, so the shape can be like a pancake. Then you cut the strawberry’s and bannana’s and cut them in to little pieces. After you cut them up you can put the strawberry’s and bannana’s on to the pancake and let it cook with the pancake. Finally, you will see that the pancake’s are cooked and look delicious. Then you get your spachula and get the pancake’s and put it on your plate. Now you can add the final touch and put any kind of syrup you want on your pancake’s. After that you get your knife and fork and cut your pancake in to pieces and you will see the strawberry’s and bannana’s inside. Now you can finally eat them and enjoy your amazing Strawberry Bannana pancakes. I have finally taught you how to make these pancake’s step by step. Now that you know how to make these pancake’s you can enjoy them any time of the day, it doesn’t always have to be breakfest. I hope you loved the pancake’s, and every time you make them dont forget to add syrup at the end so the pancake’s could have a little taste of sweetness. So i taught you today every little thing of makinng strawberry bannana pancake’s. I hope you dont forget how to make the best pancake’s ever.

Domus Aurea and the Innovations in the Roman Art Essay

It seems reasonable then to assume that where researchers find evidence of striking artistic innovation in the city of architecture, Nero is to some extent responsible, for the radical improvement of aesthetic quality is considerable. Art historians are agreed that the only major innovation found in the Domus Aurea, is the use of vault mosaics. In AD 64 a devastating fire swept through the capital of the Roman Empire, leaving swaths of the city center smoldering and uninhabitable (Gates 362). Emperor Nero took this opportunity to build a vast, luxurious residence and landscaped parkland called the Domus Aurea, or Golden House. Later, Nero’s critics found several features of the place symbolic of his megalomaniacal self-indulgence, including its artificial lake, the 100-foot-tall statue of the emperor, and rooms with revolving mechanisms. As part of his general reconstruction of Rome Nero could have had the idea of embellishing the central area with parks, groves and fountains. Here in his complex of imperial buildings he could hear audiences and do business, while his people would have access to him and to some of the buildings and grounds. Nero’s comitas and popularitas must be remembered: he was not a man to deprive his public. Shortly before the Fire he held a public banquet in which he extended to the people pleasures normally confined to the few. Tacitus sneer on this occasion, He â€Å"used the whole city as his house† (Tacitus 417), reminds one of the squib Rome will become a house. Nero may have felt he was opening his house to the citizens, while his critics felt that he was excluding the citizens from their city. After the Fire researchers find him offering public entertainment in his Vatican circus and adjacent gardens, dressed as a charioteer and mixing with the plebs (Champlin 74). In any case, nothing suggests that Nero meant to shut himself up in the Domus Aurea. One of the problems for the Pisonian conspirators may have been that after the Fire, with his palace damaged and under reconstruction, Nero was spending his time in imperial properties that were more private, such as the Servilian Gardens. Thus the Domus Aurea Park need not have prevented movement through the centre of the city, though doubtless the routes were changed. Even on the Palatine only a cryptoporticus connected the various imperial buildings: there was no need to weld them all into one enclosed complex, and they may have been intended to remain separate. The Golden House was, nonetheless, probably an overambitious project. Observers would have gained the impression that a vast complex was in hand, because the work did not proceed area by area. Though never finished, a vast number of buildings were started all around the central lake. Nero no doubt spoke with enthusiasm of the technical marvels that were in hand. The unsympathetic may well have reacted as one scholar who wrote, ‘The Fire gave a mortally egocentric autocrat the chance to demand a unique monumental expression of what he considered his worth and position to be†( MacDonald 31). The large remains on the Oppian Hill have by now lost most of their decoration. The grand apartments have been plunged in darkness since the foundations were laid for Trajan’s Baths. Even before that, Vitellius and his wife were disappointed by the lack of decoration and the mean equipment of the palace. The Domus Aurea was left unfinished when Nero died, and the alterations made by Otho interfered with the grand architectural conception of its creator (Colin & Shotter 55). Even so, the construction and design still excite the admiration of architects and engineers by reason of the new exploitation of space and the creation of internal vistas. Two features, in particular, impress by their artistic and architectural originality: the five-sided trapezoidal court in the west wing, which was once matched by a similar one in the east wing, and the domed octagonal room in the centre with its five rooms radiating from it symmetrically. As the new excavations show, the palace originally had two floors, each of which displayed east-west symmetry and was interrupted by the two open trapezoidal courts. The two courts framed the central complex of rooms around the octagon which extended through the upper storey and could probably be viewed from the adjacent upper rooms as well as the lower ones. The octagon room thus formed the focus of the whole building. It is usually identified with the main circular dining room described by historian Suetonius (Garwood 81), though there is no agreement on what elements rotated. It is notable, however, that the inside of the dome shows no traces of decoration, and that the water that rain into the room to the north came in at a steeper gradient than would be necessary for a nymphaeum. Hence the suggestion that some of the water turned a device suspended through the opening in the dome, representing the changes of seasons on the vault. The two grooves on the outer surface of the dome will have served as tracks for the suspended through the opening in the dome, representing the changes of seasons on the vault. The two grooves on the outer surface of the dome will have served as tracks for the suspended device. Whatever the explanation, the study of the Domus Transitoria and the Domus Aurea shows, to an even greater degree than our examination of the coinage, that Nero was an enthusiast who threw himself into grand projects and put at their service the latest Roman technology and the most advanced artistic ideas. Nero’s zeal for the arts, however, did not stop at patronage and planning. If his aim of professional performance was more acceptable to the Greek way of thinking, his desire to achieve that standard in all the arts at once would strike even a Greek as absurd. Finally, the Domus Aurea presents a wealth of architectural innovation including an exploitation of the dome to crate a new conception of internal space. Another dome that employed a similar type of buttressing wall but in a more systematic manner occurs in the octagonal room of the Domus Aurea (Turner 89). The vaults around the octagonal room were combined in a way to create a very clever series of well lit rooms. It was one of the most inventive uses of vaulting yet created by the Romans and one that ushered in a new way of thinking about light and space. It also created new structural issues to be resolved. Like the Mercury dome, the octagonal dome at the Domus Aurea was built within other vaulted structures, the walls of which provided buttressing for the support structure. The most innovative aspect of the design was the way that light was brought in above the haunches of the octagonal vault by means of clerestory windows. As result of the configuration, the dome had to be quite thin if there was to be enough space at its haunches for the clerestory lighting into the adjacent rooms. The structural resolution was a more elegant form of the one employed at Baiae. The octagonal dome was buttressed with a series of eight triangular piers, each constructed above one corner of the vault so that the clerestory windows could fit between them. At the Domus Aurea octagon, the buttressing walls on the extrados of the dome were used to accommodate windows in the haunches, which was possible because of the support from the surrounding structures but also which precluded the use of continuous step-rings. On the other hand, in the Fourth Style or intricate style, a taste for illusionism returned once again. This style became popular around the time of the Pompeian earthquake of 62 CE (Stewart 81), and it was preferred manner of mural decoration when the town was buried in volcanic ash in 79. The earliest examples, such as Room 78 in the emperor Nero’s fabulous Domus Aurea, of Golden House, in Rome. Although the Fourth Style architectural vistas are irrational fantasies. The viewer looks out not on cityscapes or round temples set in peri-styles but at fragments of buildings – columns supporting half-pediments, double stories of columns supporting nothing at all – painted on the same white ground as the rest of the wall. In the Fourth Style, architecture became just another motif in the painter’s ornamental repertoire (Strong, et al. 104). In the latest Fourth Style designs, Pompeian painters rejected the quiet elegance of the Third Style and early Fourth Style in favor of crowded and confused compositions and sometimes garish color combinations. The Ixion Room of the House of the Vettii at Pompeii was decorated in this manner just before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The room served as a triclinium in the house the Vettius brother remodeled after the earthquake. It opened onto the peristyle. The decor of the dining room is a kind of resume of all the previous styles, another instance of the eclecticism noted earlier as characteristic of Roman art in general. The lowest zone, for example, is one of the most successful imitations anywhere of costly multicolored imported marbles, despite the fact that the illusion is created without recourse to relief, as in the First Style. The large white panels in the corners of the room, with their delicate floral frames and floating central motifs, would fit naturally into the most elegant Third Style design. Unmistakably Fourth Style, however, are the fragmentary architectural vistas of the central and upper zones of the Ixion Room walls. They are unrelated to one another, do not constitute a unified cityscape beyond the wall, and are peopled with figures that would tumble into the room if they took a single step forward. Among the varieties of pavement-decoration with which Fourth Style paintings were combined, the commonest remained black and white mosaics or mortar decorated with insect tesserae – simple types suitable to offset the polychromy of walls and ceilings. But this period also sees more examples of opus sectile in coloured marbles, used both for emblemata and in grander houses for whole floors. Such pavements accorded with the more showy side of Fourth Style taste and were clearly prized as status symbols. As in previous periods, so in the Fourth Style decorative ensembles usually show attempts to harmonize the treatment different surfaces within a room (Clarke 166). The most striking gestures in this direction were the increased use of single-color schemes. Already foreshadowed in the late Third Style, these were much favoured in the Fourth Style for the finer rooms of the house, notably dining and reception rooms. The Fourth Style period is especially fruitful for the study of the interaction of the different media. Researchers find painting working in close relationship with both mosaic and stucco-work in order to produce the ornate effects which were currently in favour, and not surprisingly the close relationship resulted in a good deal of murual influence. Perhaps also emanating from the Neronian court (the first datable instance is to be found in the earlier of the two palaces) is what became known as fourth-style Romano-Campanian wall-painting, which combines the architectural illusionism and colour experimentation of earlier styles into a theatrical, even surrealistic design. The fourth Style apparently died of exhaustion about the end of the century. With it the great age of Roman wall-painting came to an end. The future was to produce some interesting and not unattractive work, but the creative thrust of the late Republic and early Empire was dissipated in a series of revivals and counter-revivals which never fully recaptured the enthusiasm of the initial period. Each of the four Pompeian Style had offered something new and stimulating; the First had taken the Hellenistic Masonry Style of interior decoration and turned it into bright patterns of abstract block work; the Second had opened up the wall with grand illusions of painted architecture; the Third had closed the wall once more and put emphasis on a framed picture-panel, complemented by fine, coloristic surface-ornament; and the Fourth had reintroduced architectural illusionism but substituted lightness and fantasy for the solidity and logic of the Second Style. These development had been spearheaded by painters working in Roman Italy, and they had turned wall-painting from the poor relation of panel-painting into the most vigorous and important branch of the pictorial arts. By the second century A. D. , however, the inventiveness of Roman-Italian wall-painting was declining, and the focus of interest switches to other regions and to other media. Roman builders not only developed the arch, vault, and dome but pioneered the creative use of concrete. These innovations proved revolutionary, allowing Romans for the first time to cover immense interior spaces without inner supports. Recent scholarship on the Domus Aurea complex has suggested that the true novelty of this complex was neither in the technical innovations lauded by some architectural historians nor in its luxurious decorations but rather its scale and location. Works Cited Champlin, Edward. â€Å"Nero. † Cambridge, Mass. ; London: Belknap, 2003. Clarke, John. â€Å"The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B. C. A. D. 250: Ritual, Space, And Decoration. † University of California Press, 1993. Colin, David and Shotter, Arthur. â€Å"Nero. † Routledge, 1997. Donald, Strong, Toynbee, Jocelyn, and Roger Ling. â€Å"Roman Art. †Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1988. Garwood, Duncan. â€Å"Lonely Planet Rome. † Footsccray, Vic. ; London: Lonely Planet, 2006. Gates, Charles. â€Å"Ancient Cities. † Routledge, 2003. MacDonald, William Lloyd. â€Å"The Architecture of the Roman Empire† : An Introduction Study. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 1982. Stewart. Peter. â€Å"Roman Art. † Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Tacitus, Cornelius. â€Å"The Works of Tacitus†: The Oxford Translation, Revised. Harper & Brothers, 1860. Turner, Jane. â€Å"The Dictionary of Art. † Grove’s Dictionary, 1996.

In Construction Final Report

Through this search we are able to identify & analyze the factors through which small construction companies can gain competitive advantage over their close competitors. Also studied various Project Management techniques that can foster growth of small and developing companies in this sector. This report also identifies the upcoming opportunities that the small and budding companies have in the construction industry. Lastly, it also talks about the key hindrances faced by Indian construction companies in running their operations with suggestions to overcome them. Introduction The Construction industry of India is an important indicator of the placement as it creates investment opportune ties across various related sectors. The construction industry contributed an estimated RSI. 7,807 billion to the national GAP in 2013-14 which amounted to around 9%. The industry is fragmented, with a handful of major companies involved in the construction activities across all segments. Besides, the re are medium sized companies specializing in niche activities and small and medium contractors who work on the subcontractor basis and carry out the work in the field.In 2011 there were slightly over 500 construction equipment manufacturing companies in al of India The sector is labor intensive and provides employment, including indirect jobs, to more than 3. 5 core people. The period from 1950 to mid 1 ass's witnessed the government playing an active role in the development of these services and most of construction activities during this period were carried out by State owned enterprises and supported by government departments. In the first five-year plan, construction of civil works was allotted nearly 50 % of the total capital outlay.The first professional consultancy company, National Industrial Development Corporation (MIND), was set up in the public sector in 1954. Subsequently, many architectural, design engineering and construction companies were set up in the public secto r such as Indian Railways Construction Limited (RECON), National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBC), Rail India Transportation and Engineering Services (RITES), Engineers India Limited (ELL) etc. As well as the private sector such as M N ADSTAR and Co. , Hindustan Construction Company (HOC), Nasals etc.In India Construction has accounted for around 40 per cent of the development investment during the past 50 years. Around 16 per cent of the nation's working population depends on construction for its livelihood and rates assets worth over 200 billion per annum. Total capital expenditure of state and central government was approximately RSI. 8,021 billion in 2011-12 which rose from RSI. L ,436 billion in 1999-2000. The share of the Indian construction sector in total gross capital formation (GIF) came down from 60 per cent in 1970-71 to 34 per cent in 1990-91.Thereafter, it increased to 48 per cent in 1993-94 and stood at 44 per cent in 1999-2000. In the 21st century, there has been an increase in the share of the construction sector in GAP and capital formation. The main reason for this is the increasing emphasis on involving the private sector infrastructure development through public private partnerships (Peps) and mechanisms like build-operate-transfer (BOOT). LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction to the Indian Construction Industry The Construction Industry in India is the second largest employer of the country after agriculture, accounting for 1 1 % of Indian's GAP.It employs more than 3. 5 scores people & its total market size is estimated at RSI. scores. The level Of a country's development is reflected by its infrastructure & the desperate need for infrastructure development has increased the demand of the construction industry in India. The Indian Construction industry can be divided into three broad segments: Residential, Industrial, Commercial & other buildings. Sewer, Roads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels & other projects. Specialized activity such as ca rpentry, painting, plumbing & electrical work.Characteristics of the Indian Construction Industry Construction industry is a major job creator: The construction industry accounts for 1 1 % of Indian's gross domestic product (GAP). The industry also generates huge employment opportunities, due to its constant requirement for skilled and unskilled laborers. Moreover, the overall growth of this industry is also positive for sectors such as steel and cement, which are key raw materials. Low entry barriers keep industry fragmented: The construction industry is highly fragmented as low fixed capital requirements for construction contracts remove entry barriers.Capital expenditure is only required for procuring necessary equipments unlike a manufacturing businesses, which require a setup of plants and machinery for production. Possibility of payment delays heightens working capital intensity: Construction projects are mainly funded and managed by the owner. Apart from the initial advance, contractors receive payments after each project lessons is completed. However, timely payments also depend on the owner's credit profile and the nature of the project.Most projects, especially infrastructure, have a gestation period of more than a year. Any delay in payments can push up receivables. Such a scenario makes the construction industry working capital intensive. Projects awarded to lowest bidders, but execution skills crucial too: All governmental construction projects are awarded through a competitive bidding process as more domestic and international contractors have forayed into various infrastructure segments. The project is finally awarded to the sweets bidder.However, besides bidding qualifications, contractors also need to have strong project execution and technical skills to avoid cost and time overruns. To make these imperative, institutions such as National Highways Authority of India (NOAH) penalizes delayed execution of national highway projects, while awardin g timely completion of the same. Input-related risks: Access to inputs is crucial for ensuring timely and cost- effective execution of projects. The major inputs for a construction include: 1 . Labor: Construction work involves both skilled and unskilled labor.Currently, instruction players are struggling with wage increases, which can be attributed to labor shortages and rising inflation. Local job opportunities from government welfare schemes, growth in the overall rural economy and migration of laborers to Gulf countries for better prospects are some reasons that have led to a shortage of construction laborers. To solve labor issues, improve quality and cut wage costs, construction companies are now increasing the extent of mechanization, particularly in huge infrastructure projects such as highway projects. . Raw material: The construction industry is raw material-intensive. Any change in prices of raw materials like steel, cement, bitumen etc. Impacts players' profitability. Ho wever, the impact is limited to the extent of the proportion of fixed price contracts in a company's order book. Some construction companies also own quarries so as to ensure constant raw material supply. 3. Land acquisition and government clearances: Land and the related government clearances are the other important inputs for construction work.Delays in these may increase the gestation period of projects, which can impact the profitability of the project. Recent developments in the Indian Construction Industry The Indian government has recently initiated some policy changes in some sectors of the industry and order inflows have improved in some others. Though, the strained financial position Of companies will continue to impact the industry's execution pace in 2014-15. It is therefore expected that the industry's revenues will grow at a tepid pace of 6% to 8% during the year.The poor financial position of construction companies is reflected in their poorly profitable and highly le veraged balance sheets. Operating margins of construction companies fell by about in 2012-13, as input costs rose ND lower margin segments such as road projects gained share in the order book. Competitive pressures have also been impacting margins. Slow execution and its impact on fixed cost of companies shaved off 5% to on an average, from the operating margins of companies in 2013-14.In order to protect their margins, players are now exercising more caution in bidding and competition in the industry has moderated. Yet, the hangover of aggressive bidding of the past and the current execution delays continue to weigh on profitability in 2014-15 also. Further, the gearing (Debt-Equity ratio) f construction companies has been rising over the past two years, impacting the financial flexibility of companies. Gearing of major construction companies rose to 3. 3 times in 2012-13, from 2. 1 times in 2008-09.Net margins, which had been sliding since 2010-11, fell further by 7% in 2012-13 ow ing to higher interest outgo. The industry (with the only exception of L&T) reported net losses from April 2013 to October 2013. According to the twelfth five year plan, more than 40% of the total government spends have been allocated to construction per SE explicitly, along with various construction projects that will be undertaken for other areas of expenditure. The table below illustrates the sector wise investments for the twelfth five year plan.Five Forces Analysis of the Indian Construction Industry Us mammary: The construction and engineering industry is characterized by large incumbents operating alongside smaller companies. Rivalry is eased somewhat by companies diversifying operations into other sectors. There are a small numbers of buyers in this industry, and typically large in size. Similarly suppliers have a great deal of power over market players as their raw materials are essential for players' businesses. However suppliers have also offered the effects of the global economic crisis, seeing the prices of many raw materials rise.There are few, if any, substitutes available in this industry. Bargaining power of Buyers: Buyers in this industry tend to be large and few in number. Typically the main buyers are government agencies or large private-sector customers, usually corporate rather than individuals. Generally, in this industry, customers invite market players to tender for contracts which are on the customers' terms. This means the buyer is in a more powerful position as they specifically define the parameters of the project.

China, an Engine of Growth, Faces a Global Slump Essay

Yardley, J. , & Bradsher, K. (2008). China, an Engine of Growth, Faces a Global Slump. New York Times, October 23, p. A6. In the article Yardley and Bradsher discuss China’s’ economic and financial slump caused by the global financial crisis. For three decades China has been one of the most powerful and promising countries in the world. The country has managed to booster its economic development due to flood of low-priced exports. However, global crisis negatively affects the country that faces the possibility of global recession. The question is whether the ruling Communist Party is able to prevent global financial crisis and to support China’s economic miracle. Economists and analysts say that China’s economic development plays crucial role for economies of the United States and European countries as they face serious downturns. Nonetheless, Chinese economic model is to be recalibrated, domestic investments are be stricken with government spending, and policies aimed at increasing consumer demand are to be promoted. China is in need of better health care network, improvements in social safety network, and lower fees for education establishments. Chinese government claims that global crisis insulates country’s financial system and, thus, leaders argue country’s banks would remain domestically concentrated. The overall economic growth has decreased, unemployment rates have increased and many factories have closed export region. China is recommended to use its foreign reserves for purchasing stocks in European as it gives China an excellent opportunity to gain more experience in global business. Some researcher say that America’s decline is inevitable and if China is prepared to manage it, it will be ready to stand as a superpower. In its turns, China isn’t willing to be considered as a replacement of the USA as it is still a developing country with more foreign reserves and more problems than other countries.

The connection between theories and child development at Kindergarten Research Paper

The connection between theories and child development at Kindergarten age - Research Paper Example These changes include; how children are growing, how they are moving, and how they are identifying their environment (Wadsworth, & Wadsworth, 1984). The cognitive development domain of childhood development relates to the mental development processes such as language development, memory development, and problem solving capability that children often use in order to acquire and use knowledge. Finally, the emotional and social development domain of childhood development focuses on how children learn to handle associations with others, as well as comprehend of their own emotional states (Wadsworth, & Wadsworth, 1984). During the kindergarten years of children, their bodies undergo continuous and dramatic changes. The changes are not only an issue of growing taller and gaining but also entail multifaceted series of changes in body composition, proportion, and motor development especially at the kindergarten (State Department of Early Learning, 2012). Physical and motor development often takes place alongside relatively predictable sequences from simple to more complexes (Salkind, 2002). During the kindergarten age, children develop motor skills concerning great share of their bodies and then progress to abilities using precise body parts. For example, they grip objects by holding them between their fingers and palm before using the thumb and index finger in a more refined gripper grasp (Salkind, 2002). During the kindergarten age, children often learn about health practices that could affect their health and consequently and usually set patterns for their lives. Adult molding and dialogue about good hygienic practices assist in equipping children at this age with the awareness and skills to flourish physically, emotionally, mentally, and socially. It also assists young children in meeting the tests of growing up while understanding the importance of safety, good hygiene, disease prevention, the right medical care (Salkind, 2002). According

The history and legacy of the slave trade and its economic, social and Essay

The history and legacy of the slave trade and its economic, social and cultural impact on the Northwest region of England - Essay Example erscored that the pre-industrialization era encouraged the slave trade as slaves were used mainly in agriculture and other sectors requiring manual labor. The emergence of colonialists also played a significant role since colonies, particularly in Africa, were rich sources of human merchandise. In Europe, Britain rivaled Spain and Portugal in the slave trade. The discovery of the New World was central to this that is why the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were said to be the centuries of trade, as the nineteenth century was the century of production. The â€Å"triangular trade† was the culmination, placing the slave trade as a major engine behind the enormous rise in world trade. Eric Williams and Colin Palmer wrote about this in the book called, Capitalism and Slavery: In this triangular trade England – France and Colonial America – equally supplied the exports and the ships; Africa the human merchandise; the plantations the colonial raw materials. The slave ship sailed from the home country with a cargo of manufactured goods. These were exchanged at a profit on the coast of Africa for Negroes, who were traded on the plantations, at another profit, in exchange for a cargo of colonial produce to be taken back to the home country. (p. 51-52) The Northwestern part of England, particularly the town of Liverpool, is a major slaving port, with its ships and merchants lording over the Atlantic trade. â€Å"The precise reasons for Liverpools dominance of the trade are still debated by historians. Some suggest that Liverpool merchants were being pushed out of the other Atlantic trades, such as sugar and tobacco. Others claim that the towns merchants were more enterprising. A significant factor was the ports position with ready access via a network of rivers and canals to the goods traded in Africa - textiles from Lancashire and Yorkshire, copper and brass from Staffordshire and Cheshire and guns from Birmingham.† (National Museum Liverpool) It is hence, not

Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Essay - 1

Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development - Essay Example There is a wide variety of business forms depending on their size, management, as well as proprietorship; and ranging from public corporations, private companies to the smallest businesses that are singly owned. The operations of each form of a corporation may take several courses where some come together to operate as a group, while others remain singly operated (Smallbone, 2008). For successful enterprises operations, valuers and policy makers or even the proprietors always find it necessary to value companies according to the prevailing operations. Valuation is crucial for it assists the concerned parties in making appropriate decisions as well as laying the corporations on a scale, a factor that helps predict the future direction of the companies. More so, different techniques and approaches are employed in the companies’ valuations, which are carried out depending on the form of the company at hand. Private company valuations are thus deemed very important in the day-to-day running of the corporations. There is a need for employment of different techniques in the valuation processes to enhance a comprehensive cover, since each technique yields distinct Results. This paper is aimed at investigating into the valuation of private companies and several valuation techniques in details. Additionally, it will be crucial to establish the advantages and dis advantages of the several methods herein discussed as well as the other alternative methods that could as well be used in the valuation processes in regard to private companies (Bridge, et al., 2003). Company valuation is a process that entails the utilization of a sequence of procedures in estimating its value.

History and Politics in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History and Politics in America - Essay Example This disorder in Vietnam is brought about by the conflicting political parties in the government implementing communism and democracy. Thus, America's involvement in the political dispute in Vietnam leads to one of their historical failure causing them loss of significant casualties. One of the most prominent commentarian to the involvement and failure of America in Vietnam is George Herring who is a well-known historian. According to his analysis which he presented in his symposium, America's failure in Vietnam is directly related to two factors which are the lack of direct and immediate threat to the American society and the lack of concrete reason for being involve (1985). It appears then that the involvement of America in Vietnam is only because of its threat to the democracy that they are propagating during the Cold War. Thus, the probable threat of the chaos in Vietnam was not actually felt by the American society but only the political faction thus nationalistic concern was not actually present during the event. Another factor is the mean that the America used in mediating in the instability in Vietnam. According to Charles de Gaulle, "He saw no military solution. He saw a risk in seeking a military solution of the "tremendous risk of a generalized conflict" (1964). Thus, the militaristic approach of America failed because that method is indeed inappropriate in the event. In addition, America idealism to very unfitting to the event thus it only leads to further aggravation to the already chaotic situation. Senator Wayne Morse noted that, "How can a policy that was unsound to begin with ever be made to work Are Americans so confident of the miracles to be wrought with nuclear bombs and billion-dollar aid programs that we think they will make a success of anything, no matter how badly conceived" The idealism behind the war it also not clearly comprehended by the America's government thus their approaches and involvement are based from erroneous assumptions. General Matthew Ridgeway commented that, "that people in the United States did not have a clear understanding of why we were fighting in Vietnam. General Ridgway indicated that America was in Vietnam because of a treaty commitment dating from 1954: The Southeast Asia Treaty". Thus, America's government felt only pure obligation in their involvement in Vietnam because they are bounded to honor the said treaty. Considering all the said arguments, it appears that the main reason why America's involvement in the political dispute in Vietnam is its lack of substantiality reason for doing so. There was not actually an imposed threat to the American society and no support was solicited by the Vietnam government. America only felt that it was their obligation to be involved because they have a treaty with Vietnam and their democratic idealism urges them to do so thus it lack one complete nationalism and patriotic involvement leading to its failure. Part B: Contemporary American Politics America's historical archives are known to be full of successful accomplishment. Their history is built from continuous battle against their possible enemies posing threats to their national pride and unity. Because of this reason, for their every battle their society's spirit is united by their

Lloyd George Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Lloyd George - Case Study Example So, why did the Lloyd George Coalition fall The answer to this can ironically be found within his greatest triumphs. In the beginning of Lloyd George's career, he was a Liberal. It was a time when the Welsh were trying to regain national identity and confidence. He became a council member on the Caernarfon County Council in 1890. This was a seat he held for fifty-five years. He was a very active campaigner and supporter of land reform. Also, he was the youngest member of the House of Commons as a Liberal. In 1908, he was promoted to Chancellor of the Exchequer by Henry Asquith, the new prime minister. He was a very high profile politician, strongly opposing the Boer War. Even before becoming Prime Minister, George was innovatively creating ways to give support to Europe. He oversaw the Merchant Shipping Act of 1906, the Patient Act of 1907, and the Port of London Authority in 1908. He then became chancellor for the Asquith administration. In 1909, he created the 'People's Budget.' In 1911, he introduced Great Britain's National Health Insurance Program and made his famous speech. His speech warned Germany that they would not stand for intrusion in international affairs. He then became the first Minister of Munitions in 1915, further paving his way to becoming Prime Minister. .. He was often called "The man who won the war." Upon winning the war, in 1918, the coalition was formed between the conservatives and part of the Liberal party. They took a huge majority in the elections that year. However, there were some differences in opinion regarding the leadership within Liberal party and as Chris Cook argues, the conservatives wanted to see the Liberal party remain split between the followers of Lloyd George and the followers of Herbert Henry Asquith (the former prime minister.) 2 The conservatives readily carried on with the coalition after the war, since they had not won an election on their own in over a decade. They took the election with 70 percent of the votes. Noted, this was the 'coupon election' and the first election that allowed women over 30 to vote. The conservatives later decided that George owed his win to them and that they could take it back from him at any time. This left Lloyd George, in idea at least, without a party officially supporting him. George was a well-respected wartime leader, but the devastation from the war could prove to be the primary factor that cost him his position as prime minister. After all, he was the one to promise, "A land fit for heroes." After the war, Great Britain was left in a pitiful state of despair and heading towards a depression. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers died and over a million soldiers were left unable to work. Now Britain had to pay millions in war pension on top of the debt they had accumulated due to the war. This great economic decline was too big of a feat to overcome even for the 'Welsh Wizard.' Britain over invested in staple industries due to the war. This caused a boom in

To Whom It May Concern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

To Whom It May Concern - Essay Example In a hurry to hide something Quick, Lucy! Don't "fill" your blouse with missing cherries from the confection assembly line! Stuff it, girl! Although "farce" theatre has its origins in France, many would argue that it has been perfected by the English. Few would disagree that whilst naming influential forces within the world of farce theatre, it would be appropriate to include many works produced by British entertainers, especially the members of Monty Python. Today, however, it is entirely possible that the bulk of our comedic diet, as Americans, is made up of farce, usually in the form of sitcoms, but also prevalent upon the stage. We seem to have a taste for the outrageous, hysterical episodes of characters caught in ridiculous circumstances. A prime example of farce upon the stage can be seen in Michael Frayn's play, "Noises Off." "Noises Off," is a play whose basic plot entails the misadventures of a struggling, low-budget theatre troupe attempting to pull together and make their performance of "Nothing On," a success. In the first act, we see the various cast members acting out what happens when a wealthy couple trying to avoid the taxman return home from overseas, but without letting anyone-especially the IRS-know. Meanwhile, their home, which is up for let, is being-shall we say explored-by others who don't suspect anyone of being home. This comedy of errors, so cleverly done and well-thought out, makes us forget for a moment that we are watching a play within a play. However, we are soon reminded that the actors on stage are playing actors. It is during this opening act that we see the various relationships between the cast members, who are smitten with whom, and exactly where all those plates of sardines go.In the next act, we see another performance of "Nothing On," only this time with completely diffe rent chemistry between the cast members. What began, in act one, as a rather jumbled, stressed, but good-natured set of people, several of whom were involved romantically, has devolved into a group with growing suspicion and hurt feelings due to a series of misunderstandings.By act three, the confusion has led to outright hostility between the majority of the cast, and we are left where we began: with a plateful of sardines. Within the next few pages, please take a look at set design for "Noises Off." Act I: We need to start with the characters. Since this "play within a play" happens solely within the theatre during rehearsal and show time, the characters will always be dressed like their characters. Dotty Otley: A woman in her early forties, dressed like a housekeeper, with a mid-calf length dress in a drab color, a full-length apron, sensible shoes. Her hair must be pulled back. Flavia Brent: A woman in her late thirties, dressed like a yuppie. Tasteful neutral clothes, jewelry. Roger Tramplemain: A man in his late thirties, dressed in a smart suit. Burglar: A man in his early sixties, gray hair, wearing a black turtleneck, black leggings, black shoes and black gloves, along with a black ski mask, pulled away from his face. Vicki: A pretty, dark-haired woman in her early twenties, wearing a suit appropriate for working in an office. Philip Brent: A man in his la

Early Greek Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Early Greek Philosophy - Essay Example They believed everything is only so to the eye of the beholder, and so to was it with knowledge itself according to the Sophists. Socrates, however, opposed to the Sophist position. He attempted to understand the nature of such absolutes as Justice, Goodness, or Beauty in discussion with others. Ultimately, his aim appears to be a form of the Golden Rule. If everything is relative and nothing is static, how would it be for one to be on the less than desirable side of relativity? Socrates used a dialectic technique (86). Socrates’ preferred method of debate was that of the question-answer session. He would question his opposition, and based on their answers, formulate additional questions until the relative err or truth in a given belief could be brought to light. This way, it was more as if the student derived his own conclusion from obviated facts than simply believing what is told him or her. The path to wisdom is not necessarily the accumulation of knowledge but more the honing of one’s power of discernment. Socrates believed that much like a midwife helps a mother bring forth a newborn so do teachers assist students in drawing out clarity from things in their own minds (96). As such a teacher can no more bring forth understanding from a person devoid of at least some ideas than a midwife can bring forth life from a woman not pregnant. Socrates augmented this method with strategic use of Irony. Irony is the employment of communication on multiple levels – usually an exoteric and an esoteric. The exoteric level is that of obvious, literal meanings. The esoteric is that of hidden, basic meaning. Socrates applies this method to keep his listeners engaged in his speech throughout the processes of clarification. Socrates’ discussion with Thrasymachus is representative of this process (99). The question he is trying to decide in the discussion with Thrasymachus is whether might makes right. He ultimately argues against Thrasymachus position by

Dicussion questions Essay Example for Free

Dicussion questions Essay How do organizational functions affect organizational structures? How do your organization’s functions affect its organizational structure? How do organizational structures affect organizational functions? How does your organization’s structure affect its organizational functions? An organization is defined as a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals. The function of an organization directly relates to its structure. To succeed as an organization, all the functional areas must work together. There are different levels of structures: Vertical and Horizontal. Vertical organizational structures means a strict top down or bottom up structure (chain of command is important); horizontal, flat or closer to flat organizational structure (no leaders). While the organization I work for does not participate in any sort of sales, we do protect America through research and being knowledgeable in different aspects of careers. The Air Force follows a vertical organizational structure. There is always a person in charge of someone. To file a complaint, you have to start with the lowest level and work your way up. Organizational structures affect organizational functions depending on the main goal/strategy. The functions and structures of organizations go hand in hand. What are the different types of organizational structures? Which type of structure do you think is the most effective? Why is this structure the most effective? How can organizations determine if they are structured in the most effective and efficient manner? The different types of organizational structures are functional, divisional, and matrix. Functional structure is departmentalization around specialized activities such as production, marketing, and human resources. Divisional structure is departmentalization that groups units around products, customers, or geographic regions. Matrix structure is an organization composed of dual reporting relationships in which some managers’ report to two superiors –a functional manager and a divisional manager. The most effective structure is the matrix structure because it consists of the other functions, both of which would fail without them. Organizations can determine if they are structured in the most effective and efficient manner by analyzing how their business operates. Consider an organization in which you have worked. Draw it’s organization chart, and describe it by using terms from Ch. 8 of the text. Describe your experience with the organization. Did you enjoy working there? Explain your response. The experience I have had with the organization is good. Our organization makes charts for each unit’s supervision. Everyone knows who to contact in case of an emergency or if there is a problem with the chain of command. So far, I have enjoyed working for the military. I appreciate structure and reliability. What evidence have you seen of the imperatives for change, flexibility, and responsiveness faced by today’s firms? By firms becoming learning organizations they can be skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and at modifying its behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights. Firms should also have a high-involvement organization, which top management ensures that there is consensus about the direction in which the business is heading.

Past, Present, and Future Trends Essay Example for Free

Past, Present, and Future Trends Essay Policing as defined by Merriam Webster is to control, regulate, or keep in order by the use of police. Since the early years of its existence, policing has taken on several changes some historically. Policing has made momentous changes since its implementation. Policing has changed form a one sheriff community to a multi-agency department of law enforcement officials sworn to protect and serve. The changes made in policing have varied from race and gender. The development of policing within each level of government has proven to be an every growing entity with major obstacles. The changes in criminal activity, the age of those breaking the law, and the changing laws has made policing and ever changing agency. Past trends like gangs always have been an issue, but pose serious challenges for law enforcement today. â€Å"More and more juveniles are transferred to adult court systems, greater demands will be placed on correctional institutions and their staff (Muraskin Roberts, 2009, pg. 3, Para 5)†. With the threat of urban terrorism, these aggressive gangs control the social lives of many neighborhoods, becoming more of a threat than foreign terrorists (Muraskin Roberts, 2009) Past trends like the large use of illegal drugs that are still causing high incarceration rates is proving that incarceration is not working. These offenders, which were incarcerated for these crimes once released relapse into the same criminal behavior, leaving many victims behind. There have been several changes in policing from the mid 1800s. With the continued changes and growth within many communities, the law enforcement community needed to change and grow with the communities. There were many changes that needed to take place to serve the community and society. Many changes have occurred from the 1960s on into the 1990s. One major change in policing has been the representation of African American officers in many police departments (Walker, Katz, Ch.2). The process to the present policing was a slow and effective process, which has changed over the years to create a more effective policing system. To this day, in many communities there are problems within policing. The present problems still include corruption and many political influences from within the community. Policing today has become more effective with little discrimination. The future produces many different avenues for change in police organizations. Technology has grown, times have changed and people are different today when it comes down to policing in the United States. Almost everything will be digital, accurate and there will no longer be a need for as many officers. The use of our satellites in space will be more common and crime will be detected easier and response times will be faster. The communication with fellow officers will be better. With the future so bright, technology evolving by the day, policing organization can only progress. This will also have a positive impact on the community and maybe it will place trust in our judicial system again. . The changes policing has endured over the course of years has evolved policing into a multifunctional agency of dedicated men and women who have promised to protect and serve. For policing to be effective, agencies of the criminal justice system must continue to work hand-in-hand to provide the best protection for its citizens. Policing will be ever changing because of the differences of criminal activity presented and by the type of criminals involved. Reference: Chapter 2 The History of the American Police by, Samuel Walker, Charles M. Katz https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC.aspx?assetdataid=a8b78864-484e-4b62-b701-f4fe1ceab16eassetmetaid=861d2838-2f16-4997-b003-4b80c855c78b

The United States and World War I

The United States and World War I Mohammad Mian On April 6th, 1917, the United States of America entered the First World War in support of the Allied powers, most notable of whom were Russia, Britain, and France.[1] Americas declaration of war on the Central Powers, led by Germany and Austria-Hungary, was largely due to the indiscriminate targeting of Americas passenger and merchant vessels by German submarines.[2] In early 1917, British intelligence notified the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, of an intercepted German telegram which encouraged Mexico to invade the United States.[3] The intercepted telegram convinced Wilson of the threat posed to the United States by Germany, and he declared war on Germany in April 1917.[4] After the United States entrance into the First World War, various American news organizations published articles in support of the war effort, often stressing the nations vital role in any foreseeable allied military and naval offensives. One such news organization was The New York Times. On December 31st, 1917, the New York Times published Allies Rely on Us for Decisive Aid, which was authored by Charles H. Grasty. Grastys article stressed the importance of the United States to any future successful Allied operations against Germany on the Western front.[5] Furthermore, Grasty contended that a positive outcome for the Allies in the war could only to be achieved once the American navy defeated German submarines in the Atlantic.[6] Thus, he argued in favour of Americas role in the war, as he considered any future Allied success to be dependent on the might of the United States army and navy.[7] Consequently, Grastys publication reflected the predominant view among Americas leading politicians in 1917 and 1918 that the First World War was a conflict to which the United States leadership on the Western front and in the Atlantic was vital.[8] His ability to precisely identify and address the major weaknesses of the Allies, as well as the use of subheadings to effectively organize his thoughts and ideas, were the strengths of the article. However, a bias in favour of the United States leadership in the war, and an inability to contextualize the military situation of the Allies at the beginning of 1918, were the primary shortcomings of Grastys article. Allies Rely on Us for Decisive Aid reflected the predominant view among American politicians in 1917 and 1918 that Allied victory in the First World War would solely depend on the decisiveness of the United States military and naval leadership in the war. In the article, Grasty stated A year ago Europe was bitter against President Wilson for utterance then wrongly construed as friendly to Germany. Today Europe looks to him for leadership and even now awaits word from Washington as to whether and how to proceed towards unity of control.[9] He stressed the importance of Americas leadership to the Allied war effort, as the European belligerents were now turning to the United States for advice and guidance.[10] Similarly, he argued Every calculation includes America as the chief factor. Unless there should come peace by negotiation, Americas military resources in men, material, money and moral support will settle the war if it is to be settled by whipping Germany.[11] This particular pas sage reflected Grastys view that an Allied victory in the war could only be achieved with American leadership, as he considered the United States military and economy to be the factor which would lead to a decisive end to the war in favour of the Allies.[12] Thus, the article reflected the belief that the Uniteds states had a vital role to play in the First World War, which prevailed among many of Americas leading politicians, most notable of whom was former President Theodore Roosevelt.[13] The confidence in Americas wartime leadership displayed by Grasty allowed him to precisely identify the weaknesses of the Allies in the First World War throughout his article. Grastys discussion of the Allies weaknesses was a strength of his article, as doing so lent credibility to his claim that the Americas participation in the war would turn the tide in favour of the allies. Accord to Grasty, two of the major weaknesses of the Allied powers were their inability to counter the German submarine threat, as well as their inability to quell internal dissension in Russia.[14] The German submarines, known as U-Boats, attacked and destroyed Allied vessels.[15] Regarding the veracity of German submarine warfare, Grasty stated The Prime Minister having definitely and wisely abandoned his over-optimistic policy, the public is beginning to realize how deadly serious is the submarine situationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It can not be stated often or too emphatically that the war depends primarily on the success or failure of the submarine operation, and that what has already been accomplished against the U-Boat [By the U.S.] is important chiefly for what it promises in future accomplishment.[16] In this passage, Grasty referred to the failure of the British Prime Minister, Lloyd George, to realize the seriousness of the German submarine attacks on allied shipping.[17] He went on to stress the importance of the United States to the submarine operations and war effort. By addressing the failure of the European Allies to counter the German submarine threat, Grasty was attempting to portray them as being incapable of winning the without the United States. Another weakness of the allies touched upon by Grasty was the internal dissension within Russia. Although Grasty did not mention the Russian Revolution, his article implied that Russia was engulfed in great turmoil Allied Europe closes the books and balances its year by a net loss on the operating side and a net gain in assets by so much as America is better than Russia as a fighting allyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The Allies knew a year ago was a huge mine, with the fuse lighted to blow them up, but nobody flew to the rescue with man-fashion strenuousityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Perhaps the Allies will drift again as they did about Russia.[18] Ultimately, he was right about Russia, as the Communist revolution in 1917 led to the nations departure from the war and surrender with signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918.[19] By downplaying Russias importance to the Allies, Grasty sought to portray the United States as a nation which would change the Allies fortunes in the war. Aside from discussing the weaknesses of the Allies in his article, Grastys effective use of subheadings to organize his thoughts and ideas was another strength of his article. Grastys use of subheadings in his article effectively organized his thoughts and ideas. The four subheadings used by Grasty were Two Vital Questions, Shipping Squeeze to Be Severe, The Western Front, and Alls Looking to America.[20] Under each of these subheadings, Grasty discussed a different subject. Under Two Vital Questions for example, Grasty discussed the major issues facing the Allies, such as the internal dissension in Russia and the threat posed by the Submarines to the Allied war effort.[21] He then went on to discuss the impact of German submarine attacks on Allied shipping under Shipping Squeeze to Be Severe.[22] Finally, he discussed the situation on the Western front under The Western Front, and concluded by mentioning the importance of American leadership to the Allies under Alls Looking to America.[23] Grastys use of subheadings allowed readers to gain a thorough understanding of the document, as his ideas were well organized. Despite the excellent organization, the a rticle was biased in favour of American leadership during the war, and it lacked adequate historical context. Throughout his article, Grasty was biased in favour of Americas leadership in the First World War. He often downplayed the Allied command by placing an emphasis on their mistakes, such as Lloyd Georges failure to deal with the threat of German submarine warfare.[24] At the conclusion of the article, he stated America is looked to deal with every large phase of preparation with the same far-seeing and whole seeing that had just been shown in taking over the railroads-an action applauded in every quarter here as showing President Wilsons firm and enlightened will to win. And, finally, America is expected to profit by her own and the Allied blundering.[25] Grastys conclusion was evidence of his bias in favour of Americas leadership as he considered America to be in charge of Allied preparations, all the while the remaining Allies were blunderers. Another weakness of Grastys article was his failure to contextualize historical information. Grasty failed to provide a historical context for some of the events discussed in his article. The most notable event which he failed to contextualize was the Russian Revolution. Although Grasty referred to Russia as a huge mine, with the fuse lighted to blow them up, he did not elaborate on the events which engulfed the nation.[26] Had Grasty discussed a few notable details of the Russian Revolution, his article would have had more historical substance. Another historical detail which Gratsy failed to contextualize was the submarine warfare of the Germans. While he did discuss the German submarine operations, Gratsy failed to mention why and how they were destructive to the Allied war effort. Furthermore, he also did not mention any statistics regarding the amount of Allied ships lost to the German submarines. Overall, the lack of historical contextualization decreased the quality of Grastys article. Charles H. Grastys Allies Rely on Us for Decisive Aid expressed the dominating political opinion in the United States during the final two years of the First World War that American leadership would propel the Allies to victory. Both the mention of Allied weaknesses and the use of subheadings to thoroughly organize his ideas were the strengths of his article. Unfortunately, the article was hindered by Grastys bias in favour of American leadership during the First World War and his inability to adequately contextualize relevant historical events. Bibliography Primary Source Grasty, Charles H. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid. The New York Times (London), January 31, 1917. Accessed January 1, 2017. Secondary Source Wilmott, Hedley Paul. World War I. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2009. [1] Hedley Paul Wilmott. World War I. (London: Dorling Kindersley, 2009), 196, 199. [2] Ibid, 200. [3] Ibid. [4] Ibid, 196. [5] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., The New York Times, January 31, 1917, 1, 3. [6] Ibid. [7] Ibid. [8] Ibid. [9] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., 1. [10] Ibid, 1. [11] Ibid, 3. [12] Ibid. [13] Hedley Paul Wilmott. World War I., 198. [14] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., The New York Times, 1. [15] Hedley Paul Wilmott. World War I, 183, 197, 198, 200. [16] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., The New York Times, 1. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] Hedley Paul Wilmott. World War I, 250, 251. [20] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., The New York Times, 1, 3. [21] Ibid, 1. [22] Ibid, 1, 3. [23] Ibid, 3. [24] Ibid, 1. [25] Ibid, 3. [26] Charles H. Grasty. Allies Rely On Us For Decisve Aid., 1.