A study on Enzymes chemical reactions

A study on Enzymes chemical reactions Enzymes were discovered by a German chemist Eduard Buchner near the end of the 19th century. He had been trying to extract a fluid for medicinal use from yeast, however, the yeast extract kept going bad. He then decided to add sugar to the yeast, however, the yeast converted the sugar into alcohol, which is also known as fermentation. Buchner investigated into this and soon found out that living cells were not responsible for this fermentation and that it was caused by the fluid that was trying to be extracted from the yeast. The word enzyme was coined for the active ingredients in the juice that promoted fermentation. Although enzyme literally means in yeast, it is now however being used as the collective noun for several hundreds of compounds that have shown to have a catalytic action on specific chemical reactions. Enzymes are biological or organic catalysts made up of protein. They catalyse (increase/decrease the rate of) chemical reactions without themselves being chemically changed at the end of the reaction. It can therefore be used repeatedly and so is effective in small amounts. They essentially work by lowering the activation energy of the reactions and hence allowing the reaction to place at a quicker rate. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules are the start of the process are called substrates, and the converted molecules, the products. Properties of enzymes: Enzymes have the following properties: Enzymes alter the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being chemically changed at the end of the reaction. Enzymes are very potent. Since enzymes are very specific, a small amount of an enzyme is capable of catalysing a huge chemical reaction. Enzymes are affected by temperature. Enzymes are inactive at low temperatures. Increasing the temperature increases the activity of the enzymes. There is an optimum working temperature at which certain enzymes work best. This is normally between 37-42 degree centigrades. However, a high temperature, anything above 45 degree centigrades normally destroys the active sites of the enzymes and causes it to denature. This permanently damages the enzyme and they become functionless. Enzymes are affected by pH. Certain enzymes work best in acidic conditions whereas certain enzymes function better in alkaline conditions. For example, pepsin works best in the stomach where the pH is below 7, however intestinal enzymes work better in coditions of pH of above 7. Some enzymes may require a compound to be bound to them before they can catalyse chemical reactions. These compounds are called co-enzymes. Enzymes can work in either directions. Metabolic reactions are reversible and the direction in which the reaction goes depends on the amounts of substrate and products present. The reaction will proceed from left to right until an equilibrium is reached between the substrates and products. Also, if there is a large amount of products, then the reverse reaction starts and hence causes the product to be split up until again equilibrium is established. Lock and Key Induced Fit Hypothesis: Although enzymes have a large size, however, they only have a small region that is functional. This is known as the active site. Active sites can be described as depressions on the surface of the enzyme. Only a few of the amino acids of the enzyme molecule make up this active site; the remainder are used to maintain its overall three-dimensional shape. The active site is the site where the substrate binds onto the enzyme and only substrates with a particular molecular shape will have any chance to bind effectively with the particular enzyme. This is the reason why enzymes are specific in their actions as they can only bind to specific substrate molecules. Another idea which arose from the lock and key hypothesis is the induced fit hypothesis that suggests that the enzyme alters its shape slightly to ensure that the enzyme molecules bind tightly with the substrate molecule. However, once the product or substrate leaves the active active site, the active sight realigns itself to its original form. Now, having discussed enzymes generally, we shall move onto discussing the enzymes more specific to this experiment. The enzyme being used in this investigation is Neutrase. Neutrase is a bacterial protease which is produced from a bacterial strain called Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens. Protease is an enzyme which catayses the hydrolysis of proteins into polypeptides/amino acids. In humans, the digestion of protein chiefly starts in the stomach with Pepsin in the gastric juice where the proteins are converted into polypeptides. Protein digestion is represented in this experiment by the fact that when the proteins in the milk are digested, the solution turns from opaque cloudy white to a see-through solution. In an enzyme controlled reaction such as that of protein digestion in milk, an increase in the concentration of enzyme will lead to an increased reaction rate. This is due to the fact that when there are more enzyme molecules present, there will be a greater chance of more of the enzyme molecules colliding with the substrate and hence increasing the frequency of the collisions. This increased frequency of collisions will help to form an enzyme-substrate complex more rapidly. Aim: The aim of this experiment is to see if there is a negative correlation between the enzyme concentration and the rate of digestion of the protein content in the milk. Increase in enzyme concentration leading to decrease in the rate of digestion of protein content. Hypothesis: H1 There is a positive correlation between the enzyme concentration and the rate at which the protein content in the milk digests. (Increase in rate of reaction). H0 There is no correlation between the enzyme concentration and the rate at which the protein content in the milk digests. (No affect on rate of reaction). Equipment: Equipment Justification For Use Marvel Powdered Milk The source of protein upon which the enzyme to work on. Enzyme (Neutrase ) The enzyme which digests the protein content in the milk. Sodium Phosphate Buffer (pH 6.4) In order to ensure the pH of the solution remains constant for optimal working of the enzyme. Test Tubes And Test Tube Rack Test Tube: To hold the enzyme, buffer and milk powder solution. Test Tube Rack: To hold the test tubes. Measuring Cylinder To measure out the volume of distilled water. Measuring Scale To measure out the mass of the milk powder. Pipette And Pipette Filler To measure out accurately the volume of the enzyme. Beakers To hold the water and the test tubes containing the enzyme, buffer and milk powder solution. Stopclock To time the duration it takes for the enzyme to completely digest the protein content in the milk. Syringe To add the solution of the enzyme, buffer and milk powder into the curvettes. Colorimeter To measure the light absorbancy values. Preliminary Experiment: A preliminary experiment was conducted initially in order to test whether the method intended for use was flawless or not. However, through the conduction of this experiment, a number of flaws were noticed and hence dealt with to produce a more flawless and sound experimental procedure. In the preliminary experiment, it was decided that the temperature of the solution containing the enzyme would be kept constant by using a bunsen burner. However, fluctuation in temeperature were going to be evident and hence causing inaccuracies. Consequently, it was decided to use a thermostatically controlled water bath to keep the temperature constant. Also, when using the colorimeter, I decided to place the solution inside the curvette and then place it onto the colorimeter and record the values over time until it reached 0. However, this would give inaccurate results based on the fact that when the solution was removed from the water bath and placed inside the curvette, the temperature would decrease over time and hence affect enzyme activity. As a result, it was decided that the solution be removed from the water bath and placed into the curvette at regular intervals. After every 20 seconds, a new curvette would be used with solution removed from the water bath and then placed onto the colorimeter to record the light absorbancy values. Method: Measure out 10.00 grams of milk powder using an electronic mass balance into a beaker. Then measure out 200 cm^3 of distilled water using a measuring cylinder. Add the water into the beaker containing the milk powder and use a spatula to stir the solution well. Now, different concentrations of enzymes are to be prepared. To make a 1% concentration solution of enzyme, add 1cm^3 of the Neutrase into a test tube using a pipette. Then add 99cm^3 of distilled water measured out using a measuring cylinder. Shake the test tube containing the solution (100cm^3) well. To make a 2% concentration solution of enzyme, add 1cm^3 of the Neutrase into a test tube using a pipette. Then add 98cm^3 of distilled water measured out using a measuring cylinder. Shake the test tube containing the solution (100cm^3) well. Use the same method as above to make 3%,4% and 5% solutions. Place each of the test tubes into the test tube rack. Add Sodium Phosphate Buffer ( 6.4 pH ) to each test tube. Place one of the test tubes containing the enzyme solution and any one of the milk solution test tubes into the water bath for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, immediately pour the enzyme solution into the test tube containing the milk solution. Use a colorimiter to check the amount of light passing through the solution with time. Press R to reset the colorimeter (use the red filter) as red light is transmitted the best and this will give accurate readings. After every 10 seconds, place some solution from the test tube into the a curvette and the curvette onto the colorimeter and record the result. Variables: The sole independent variable in this experiment is the concentration of the Neutrase solution which ranges from (1-5)%. Other variables which could affect the investigation have been tabulated as follows: Variable How may a change in this variable affect the data? How will it be controlled? Type of milk used. Some milks will have more or less protein molecules present than others which alters the amount of substrate molecules being available to form enzyme-substrate complexes. This will be controlled by ensuring that the same milk powder is used throughout the experiment. pH of the solution. Enzymes work better in solutions of different pH. The activity of the enzyme depends upon the pH of the solution; if optimal pH solution is used, the enzyme would work better than if non-optimum pH was used. This will be controlled by ensuring that a pH buffer ( Sodium Phosphate pH 6.4) is used. This will minimise any changes in the pH of the solution and ensure that the optimum pH is kept constant for efficient working of the enzyme. Volume of Neutrase solution used. A larger volume would of enzyme ( Neutrase ) soltuion would result in a greater amount of enzyme-substrate complexes and hence increasing the rate of the reaction. Neutrase solution volume will be kept constant by precisely measuring the volume required using a pipette and pipette filler. Temperature of the solution. Temperature alters the rate of enzyme activity and a higher temperature would result in greater enzyme activity. However, anything normally above 45 degree centigrades would lead to denaturing of the enzyme. Using a thermostatically controlled water bath will maintain a constant temperature. The temperature would be kept constant at the optimum working temperature for the enzyme. Volume of milk used. A larger volume of milk would result in a greater amount of enzyme-substrate complexes being formed as there is a greater number of protein present and thus increasing the rate of the reaction. Milk volume will be kept constant by precisely measuring the volume required using a pipette and pipette filler. Health Safety Regulations: Wearing a lab coat inside the laboratory. Wearing safety goggles to protect the eyes from chemicals. Wearing plastic gloves when handling the enzyme and milk solution and to prevent contamination. Keeping the test tubes in a rack to prevent accidental breakage or spilling. Bunsen burners will be ensured that they are kept on yellow flame when not in use. Conclusion: The results of the experiment prove that the H1 hypothesis is correct. There is a positive correlation between the enzyme (Neutrase) concentration and the rate at which the protein in the milk digests. In other words, increasing the concentration of the enzyme increases the rate of reaction. The results show that an increase in the concentration of the enzyme leads to a descrease in the time taken for the solution to go clear. This is due to the fact that when the concentration of the enzyme is increased, there are more active-sites present on the enzymes onto which the substrate binds onto. This creates more and more enzyme-substrate complexes. The higher concentration of enzyme increases the kinetic energy of the molecules and increases the frequency of the collisions between the enzyme and substrate molecules. A lower concentration of enzymes means there would be fewer active sites and hence, a slower rate of reaction. However, if we kept increasing the concentration of the enzyme, one would notice that the line would start to level off because all of the active sites on the enzymes would be occupied and hence, increasing the concentration would have no effect on the rate of the reaction. Evaluation: Observing the results, one can easily generate the conclusion that there is a positive correlation between the enzyme concentration and the digestion of the protein content. Even though, the set of results achieved are not fully accurate and hence, there are anomalies. However, improvements can be made to minimise inaccuracies and unreliability in the experiment. One of the factors that could have affected the experiment could have been human reaction error in timing. Also, the starting of the stop-clock for each of the tubes could have been different and this could have resulted in unreliable results. To avoid this, however, an automatic stop-clock could be used. Another factor that could have affected the experiment could have been the movement of the reacting mixture constant. The mixing between the substrate ( Protein in the milk ) and the Enzyme ( Neutrase ) could not have been same in each tube. This could have resulted in inaccuracies in the result as the molecules in the tubes with the better mixing would have greater kinetic energy and hence, the reaction rates would be quicker as more and more enzyme-substrates would be formed quicker. To avoid the extent of mixing in each tube from affecting the results, I will ensure that next time, there will be no stirring of the mixtures when solutions are added in any way so that this way, it will be constant ( no mixing ) for each tube.

Free Essays - Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a renowned novel by Mark Twain, is the story of a young boy, who, in a desperate attempt to escape his abusive and poverty stricken home, escapes and seeks help with the Mississippi River, where he experiences many different trials. The novel was finally published in 1885, being written on spurts of inspiration interrupted by long periods during which it sat on the author’s desk. Now it is published in at least twenty-seven languages. Samuel Clemens, the name that lies under the pen name of Mark Twain, was born in Missouri in 1835. The town where he lived, Hannibal, Missouri, became the model for St. Petersburg, the fictional town of Huckleberry Finn. Missouri was a slave state during this period, and his family owned a few slaves, who worked as domestic servants rather than working on the large agricultural plantations as most slaves in the deep South did. The institution of slavery is prominent in the development of the themes and characters of the novel. Twain received a brief formal education before going to work as an apprentice in a print shop. He later found work on a steamboat in the Mississippi River where he took his pseudonym, â€Å"Mark Twain,† from the call a steamboat worker would make when the ship reached two fathoms. He eventually went to work as a journalist and then as a humorist. Twain is also known to have written The Gilded Age (1873), The Prince and the Pauper (1882), Life on the Miss issippi (1883), and Tom Sawyer (1876). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn outlines the different experiences and developing friendship of the novel’s two main characters, Huck and Jim. Huck, a young boy trying to escape from his life, and Jim, a black slave, wanting to escape from being sold to a farmer in the deep South, join together to sail on the Mississippi River to the Ohio River, which would lead to their freedom, but they miss it in the dark. Huck faces a moral dilemma in helping a slave, but never finds a good enough reason to turn him in, and as a result, the two develop a special bond. Written with much dialogue from the southern dialect, the story depicts a southern society from the mid-1800’s, which is very gullible, and easily manipulated. The tale is full of humor in its accounts of the pair of escapees, but it is full of underlying meaning. Free Essays - Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a renowned novel by Mark Twain, is the story of a young boy, who, in a desperate attempt to escape his abusive and poverty stricken home, escapes and seeks help with the Mississippi River, where he experiences many different trials. The novel was finally published in 1885, being written on spurts of inspiration interrupted by long periods during which it sat on the author’s desk. Now it is published in at least twenty-seven languages. Samuel Clemens, the name that lies under the pen name of Mark Twain, was born in Missouri in 1835. The town where he lived, Hannibal, Missouri, became the model for St. Petersburg, the fictional town of Huckleberry Finn. Missouri was a slave state during this period, and his family owned a few slaves, who worked as domestic servants rather than working on the large agricultural plantations as most slaves in the deep South did. The institution of slavery is prominent in the development of the themes and characters of the novel. Twain received a brief formal education before going to work as an apprentice in a print shop. He later found work on a steamboat in the Mississippi River where he took his pseudonym, â€Å"Mark Twain,† from the call a steamboat worker would make when the ship reached two fathoms. He eventually went to work as a journalist and then as a humorist. Twain is also known to have written The Gilded Age (1873), The Prince and the Pauper (1882), Life on the Miss issippi (1883), and Tom Sawyer (1876). The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn outlines the different experiences and developing friendship of the novel’s two main characters, Huck and Jim. Huck, a young boy trying to escape from his life, and Jim, a black slave, wanting to escape from being sold to a farmer in the deep South, join together to sail on the Mississippi River to the Ohio River, which would lead to their freedom, but they miss it in the dark. Huck faces a moral dilemma in helping a slave, but never finds a good enough reason to turn him in, and as a result, the two develop a special bond. Written with much dialogue from the southern dialect, the story depicts a southern society from the mid-1800’s, which is very gullible, and easily manipulated. The tale is full of humor in its accounts of the pair of escapees, but it is full of underlying meaning.

A Flea in Her Ear Essay

‘A Flea In Her Ear’ is a play written by the French playwright Georges Feydeau. It tells the story of Victor Emmanuelle Chandebise, played by Nasri El-Sayeh, chairman of a large insurance company, and his wife Raymonde, played by Stephanie Reed. The play is an excellent farce about misinterpretations, confusion and humour, which captures the audience in style. Georges Feydeau was born in Paris in 1862 and lived until 1921. This play is regarded as his best. It was written in 1907, and was known as ‘Une Puce i l’Oreille. ‘ Although his plays were excellent, Feydeau started gambling in 1918 and contracted syphilis, slowly descending into madness, eventually dying and being buried in Paris. I am writing a review, analysing the mediums and elements of drama used in this production. The costumes had been chosen specifically from the National Theatre for this production. They were perfectly suited to the character’s roles and added a touch of eloquence. For example, Stuart Onslow, playing the part of Romain Tournel, a notorious womanizer, is so excellently portrayed from the beginning. His suit is smart, yet not formal, and he is displayed as a somewhat arrogant fellow. His excellent acting added to this and he played a key role in the play. The female roles were wearing flamboyant, evocative costumes. The audience spontaneously stared when they were first seen, as they were ‘over the top’ and stood out. The choice of music and sound, from technical director Ben Sehovic was superb. ‘A Flea In Her Ear’ is a piece of drama that does not require a lot of music or sound, if any. Yet the small sound effects, added at certain intervals, added a great deal of emphasis to the play. During the end of Act Two, a short piece of ‘jumpy,’ disjointed music was played. During this short period the cast moved about the stage, encapturing the moment, mimicking a ‘Charlie Chaplin’ sketch. The play was set at the same height as the audience. There was tiered seating, but the stage had not been raised. I personally felt that this was a fantastic idea, as it involved the audience more. To have actors performing in front of your eyes is much more momentous than to be staring up at them on a stage. There were many exits on this set; an archway, four different sets of doors and a flight of stairs. This was adamant for this farcical play, as the ludicrousness that is acted out is sharp and quick, thus needing many exits and entrances. As one of the actors, or indeed as a member of the audience, you have to be able to imagine that the outside space is real in order to perform or understand the play to the best of your ability. For instance, in Act Two, when in the Hotel Coq d’Or, The stage right exit door is a bathroom, as opposed to Act One, where it is a hallway. We need to believe that, in each scene, the space behind the door is what the actors say it is. This increases our knowledge of the play, makes the speed and identity tracking slightly less confusing. The set, hired from The Royal National Theatre, was fabulous. I particularly liked the revolving bed in the hotel scene, and the French windows. I felt it added a touch of glamour to the Chadebise’s home. There were not a huge number of props used in this play. However, small things, for instance; Doctor Finache (Nathan Ireland) continuously had a stethoscope around his neck. Without anyone speaking, you could immediately see that he was playing the role of some kind of doctor. Small details like this, added to the play so well presented, made it something which was extremely enjoyable to watch. The pace of the play was one of the aspects that everyone was amazed by and indulged in. The interactions of the characters were short, quick and snappy. The language used was extremely witty and all parts were spoken well, the accents used adding to the emotional performance. The actors were extremely confident in performing and this shone through. The only major criticism I have of this play is its length. I appreciate how hard it must’ve been to take anything out, as without one thing you cannot have another. The first two acts went past in a flash, and because there was no interval between the second and third acts, it was hard for many audience members; particularly young children and the elderly to keep focused and listen to each minute detail. The performance as a whole was superb. Nasri’s portrayal of Victor was excellent. His acting was top-notch. He had many quick and difficult costume changes, as well as having to remember when to use his posh voice and when not to. It was truly magnificent The social, cultural and historical content of the play very much relates to today. The farcical confusion, a mixture of people running in and out of the right and wrong rooms, and being in the wrong place at the wrong time is very much loved by people today. World famous television shows such as ‘Frasier,’ ‘Friends’ and ‘Only Fools and Horses’ are brilliant examples of this. One problem with the speed of the piece was that, not for me but others, it would have been a blunder of bewilderment and perplexity. The John Lyon School’s production of Feydeau’s ‘A Flea In Her Ear’ was an outstanding performance. It really helped my understanding of the medium of drama. I can relate the movement to my own work, picking up new ideas as well as improving what I currently know. I can see how a few small props can totally enhance a piece of theatre, also seeing that space and levels are entirely needed to show a piece’s full potential. Deborah Gibbs has created a masterful drama performance from a play which is complicated and complex.

Through the Looking Glass The Case for Human Reproductive...

In the summer of 1996, an animal unlike any other was born unto the world. Roughly three feet high and covered in an insulating material, there were countless others that looked nearly identical freely roaming the countryside. But this animal was special; it was precisely identical to one of its brethren. Dolly the sheep was the first ever manmade clone, an exact copy of its genetic donor. In the fifteen years since the birth of Dolly cloning technology has been improving at a steady pace, and now humanity as a whole is at an impasse: human clones. Scientists are very close to being able to clone a human being, but should they? A ban on human cloning issued by the World Health Organization is in place (World Health Organization 1) but it†¦show more content†¦According to John Harris â€Å"it is important to many individuals to have offspring that are related to them and only them†, and in some cases the only way to accomplish this is through human reproductive cloning (qtd. in Havstad 73). Consequently, this argument is founded on the underlying assumption of the right to reproductive freedom, or the freedom of an individual to do what they wish with their genetic material. Philosopher Ronald Dworkin states that this reproductive freedom is rooted in the American tradition of personal freedom, which is generally accepted as sound within American society (qtd. in Havstad 72). For those who wish to have a child that is genetically related to only them, human reproductive cloning is the only option. The main opposition to this view is the fact that there are other options available to those who cannot biologically produce children. Namely, the couples in question could turn to sperm donation, egg and embryo donation, or adoption (Baird 319). Baird claims this would allow for the couples to have children without â€Å"chang[ing] the integrity of our species† (318) by using cloning technology. What this viewpoint fails to take into account is the aforementioned right to reproductive freedom. A human being has the personal right to do what they wish with their own genetic material through the use of alternative reproductive techniques (Havstad 73), and therefore hasShow MoreRelatedThe Controversial Debate Of Human Cloning4152 Words   |  17 PagesHuman cloning has been a very controversial topic for many years now. The term human cloning includes numerous methods that are used to produce genetically identical copies of humans. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a human clone (National Human Genome Research Institute). Lost in the midst of all the fuss about cloning is the fact that cloning is nothing new: it’s rich scientific history spans more than 100 years (Genetic Science LearningRead MoreEssay on Ethics of In Vitro Fertilization2459 Words   |  10 Pagesallow us to intervene in, and sometimes take control of, the processes of life and death. Not only can death, quite often, be kept waiting by the bed or machine, doctors and scientists can now also intervene in, indeed, initiate the process of life: cloning and recombination of DNA are two examples; in vitro fertilization (IVF) is another (Walters 23). It is not surprising, then, that in the wake of these revolutionary developments, bioethics is flourishing. Despite the obvious enthusiasm of philosophers

College Degree Vs High School Diploma - 1142 Words

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( Earning Gap Between, 8) Take in mind this individual will have to go through a training program in order to be able to achieve the correct banking skills for the job. Although twenty five dollars an hour is a great pay for someone who didn t have to stress out on college classes, financial aid, and etc. it is not equal to what you would obtain if you had a college degree. Having your college degree at a bank earns you a better chance on getting a higher position, resulting in a better pay! You can go from earning twenty five dollars an hour to earning forty dollarsShow MoreRelatedGetting The Facts : College Degree Vs. High School Diploma919 Words   |  4 PagesGetting the Facts: College Degree vs. High School Diploma--Learn the Top 5 Benefits of Going to College Many high school students, and perhaps their parents, often wrestle with the question: Does a person with a college degree make more money than one with just a high school diploma? 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The Foreign Trade of Bangladesh - Its Composition,...

The Foreign Trade of Bangladesh: Its Composition, Performance, Trend, and Policy Mohammad Mafizur Rahman Abstract Despite structural limitations in the Bangladesh economy, the export sector performed well throughout the 1990s. The export growth rate of Bangladesh was higher than that of the world and the SAARC countries. However, the balance of trade of Bangladesh was always in deficit and the trade deficit with India is huge. The export share of primary commodities has decreased while that of manufactured commodities has increased over the years. The growth rate of manufactured commodities is better than that of primary commodities. The import share of principal primary commodities has declined while that of principal industrial†¦show more content†¦In terms of positive growth, engineering products topped the list 25 (842.34%), followed by petroleum by products (215.45%), chemical products (50.95%), raw jute (34.89%), other products (20.77%), frozen food (16.55%), knitwear (13.34%), agricultural products (12.96%), jute goods (5.61%) and readymade garments (4.28%) (EPB, 2004). price index in this sector increased by 0.36% indicating a volume wise increase of 8.40% (EPB 2004). Exports Performance Compared to Imports The export earnings also continuously increased over the years with increased import payments. Though import payments are always higher than the export earnings in absolute terms, the percentage of Bangladesh‟s export to imports is improving gradually and in recent years has been quite impressive. In FY 1983-84 the value of Bangladesh‟s exports was US$ 811 million and the corresponding figure for Bangladesh‟s imports was US$ 2073 million that represents export/import ratio of 39.12%. The export-import ratio increased to 70.09% and 67.80%, respectively, in FY2001-02 and FY 2002-03 (EPB 2004). Exports of Primary and Manufacturing Commodities EPB (2004) reports that out of the total export earnings of US$ 6548.44 million during the FY 2002200,3 the share of primary goods stood at US$ 462.59 million and that of manufactured goods at US$ 6085.85 million i.e. 7.06% and 92.94%Show MoreRelatedRecent International Trade Scenario of Bangladesh Bop4939 Words   |  20 Pages[pic] Topic: Recent International Trade scenario of Bangladesh BOP Submitted To: Mr. Shantanu Kumar Roy Joint Director Foreign exchange policy department. Bangladesh Bank, Sylhet. Lecturer Department of Business Administration Metropolitan University, Sylhet. Submitted By: Mir Md. 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Management For Delivering Proper Care †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research proposal on effective leadership and management for delivering proper care to the residential aged care facility users. Answer: Background There has been a plethora of existence of observational evidence that concerns the implications of effective leadership and management, quality of care and work environment in the residential care facilities that is designed for the elderly population. However, no randomized trials of control have been conducted for assessing the effectiveness of the leadership interventions used in the care facilities. These care facilities need to integrate effective and efficient strategies of management and leadership interventions so that the best treatment can be provided to the users. This proposal has been designed with the intention to leadership model that is used in such care facilities so that the ultimate purpose of their existence can be accomplished. The objective is to bring innovation to the leadership and management structure in the Australian care facilities for aged people. The research flows from the studies made on the life of the old people in various homes existing in Australi a. The measures that can be played by an efficient leadership for delivering high-quality service directed towards the aged people have been an integral part of the research proposal. Various previous studies have been incorporated into the proposal so that the readers can get an insight on the present care scenario of elderly people in Australia. The literature review that has been included in the proposal basically focus on the experience of the registered nurses as managers and leaders in the residential care facilities for the aged population so that their skills can be polished further. The research paper Experiences of registered nurses as managers and leaders in residential aged care facilities: a systematic review. highlights the fact that the staff, and nurses of the care system exhibit strong motivation to work in the demanding environment but they lack professional support and collaboration from the allied medical managers and leaders. At the present time, there is limited scope to learn and develop as nurses in the aged care facility. This area needs to be effectively addresses so that the ultimate service quality can get enhanced. Aims of the study The fundamental aim of the research proposal is to understand the current leadership approach adopted in residential care facilities for the old population so that new approaches can be developed to enhance the service quality. The senior members including the nurses, managers and other staffs of the residential care home need to take the initiative to bring about appositive change in the current system (Bevilacqua, Mazzuto Paciarotti, 2014). The council also recommends that the practices of age-friendly and independence enhancements are the part of life so these should be included as the future initiatives to improve the quality of life during their long stay in the care facilities. Quality of life is a term that has become increasingly popular in the current times. The usage of this term has become extensive since it covers almost all the phases of an individuals daily living. So here in this research proposal, this term quality of life is particularly related to the aged resident s who stay in the old age. They need to be treated with respect in the long-term care facilities and this fact must be understood by the service providers. They are considered to be the most susceptible groups in the society, due to their increase in age and the utmost level of dependency (Cazzaniga Fischer, 2015). A sincere leadership is a key that can enhance the life quality of the aged residents when they are at a vulnerable stage of their life. An inspiring leader can bring about a much-needed improvement in the care model by using his effective leadership management skills. A lot of debate is going around the globe regarding the quality of service that is provided to the elderly facility users in the residential old age homes. This research proposal has included the key elements that can add value to the prevailing system. The attempt of the proposal is to contribute to the ongoing debate in a significant manner so that the various factors that determine the quality of life of the old aged residents can be upgraded (Chen, et al., 2014). The model that will be suggested will be designed by analyzing the data that has been collected using secondary data from previous research studies and primary data. An interview process would be conducted with the care staff, managers, residents, and relatives so that the prevailing quality of care can be assessed. The different perspectives would help to identify the areas that need to be modified in order to enhance the quality of life of the old people living in the care homes (Dwyer, 2011). Significance and innovation of the proposed study Most of the publications have outlined that there is a role of the effective management in addressing the issues related to better care and improved quality of service for the aged people. A smaller number of researchers have highlighted the significance of the leadership in this delicate sector of aged care. However, in the recent times many new research studies have appeared that give high importance to the need of an inspiring and effective leader. In 2008, a report was released by the Office of Aged Care Quality and Compliance on the same topic concerning the residential care and it stated that the proactive role of the service providers is crucial to improving the living standard of the aged care residents and there is need to promote leadership traits in the facility operators (Dunn, 2016). This has strengthened the need to introduce best management and leadership skills in the aged care scenario. The Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency that came into existence in 2014 also focuses on these aspects so that the users can experience high-quality care service (Dwyer, 2011). The significance of this proposal is that it suggests the requirement of the visionary leadership for improving the living conditions and quality of the residents of the care home facilities (Rosato, et al., 2014). Expected outcomes/implications for practice The research proposal on the subject is a unique initiative that can bring about the needed change in the quality of service that is provided to the aged residents living in the old age homes in Australia. Both secondary data and primary data would help in the identification of the prevailing gaps in the system so that the leadership and management model could be improvised (Dwyer, 2011). With the managers leadership, the staff can feel motivated while offering service to the residents. This positive change would enhance the job satisfaction and retention of the workforce. The delivery of high quality care would ensure the overall well-being of the care users (Fitzpatrick, et al., 2014). The qualities that are essential for the good leadership in the aged care management include friendly approach towards the people, and expertise in professional skills, team building, and recognition model. Along with this flexibility and effective communication would enhance the care system. However, the outcomes of the management and the successful leadership are dependent on the rational and good leadership in the organization (Fortenberry Jr McGoldrick, 2016). Research plan: Methodology The systematic literature review and the narrative synthesis would play an active role in the research proposal. Previous research studies would help to understand the leadership and management scenario that is prevalent in the care system for the aged population in Australia. It would help in the identification of current gaps (Dwyer, 2011). Then the primary research study with in form of interview would be carried out in the selected residential aged care facility. It would help the objective of the research i.e. to develop intervention strategies to strengthen the leadership scenario in the facilities in the island nation. Here qualitative research is used to collect the data (Fortenberry McGoldrick, 2016). The topic that has been considered for the research proposal is quite sensitive and it relates to the quality of service that is provided to the old population that lives in residential care facilities in Australia. Both sources of data have come into play in the process since the older research studies would help to identify the flaws and loopholes that exist in the system and the primary model would throw light on the key areas that can be improved in order to enhance the quality of leadership and management (Green, 2016). The methodology has been designed so that the best recommendations can be designed in relation to the context of the issue. Hence, the research studies that already exist on the topic play a major role in this research proposal (Seid Aydagnehum, 2013). Data sampling The random sampling technique would be used to collect primary data from the different sections of the care facility system. Since the interview process would be conducted on the managers, staff, patients, relatives, the sampling technique on each sub-group would help to collect sufficient amount of data that must be analyzed. All the processes of the research process would be explained to the involved parties so that there would be no chance of biases in the research process. (Hassona, et al., 2017). A total of 30 interview responses would be selected on a random basis from all the respondents covering all the participant groups. The interview process would be kept short and simple so that the activity could be wrapped up quickly (Fortenberry McGoldrick, 2016). This research design would be adopted since there would be a one-on-one interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee so there would be limited chances of confusion. (Singh Lillrank, 2015). Data collection The interview process has been selected for the data collection process. The interviewer would have a direct conversation with the participants relating to various aspects of the care facility and its operations. The answers would be written by the interviewer while the interviewee would be providing his input. Once the process would be finished, the respondent could review the sheet and sign on it (Hassona et al., 2017). The signature would be necessary to show the authentication of the interview responses. Even though this approach could lengthen the process but it would ensure fairness and originality of the approach (McGregor et al., 2017). This qualitative research technique would act as a framework for the research process since it would highlight the views of different facility members on the leadership and management model of the old age home. The data from the literature review would play a vital role in this process so that the current gaps could be addressed in the best possible manner (Huppertz, et al., 2014). The advantage of conducting the interview is that it would allow the participation of all the members of the facility. They could offer their views and give responses to the directed questions without being influenced by an external element (Zeng Yang, 2013). Data analysis The content data analysis would be adopted on the collected qualitative data. A number of predetermined categories would have been set prior to the data collection process so that once the same has been collected; the leadership and management behaviour of the care staff members including the managers and leaders could be effectively assessed. It would positively contribute to the effectiveness of the research study (Kim, et al., 2014). This analytical technique would help to make relevant comparisons in order to examine the perspective of different groups of the care facility in Australia. The data that would be saved in form of interview sheets would be kept at a confidential location so that no one other than the concerned research team would have access to it (Leggat Holmes, 2015). Ethical considerations The National Health and Medical Research Council as well as the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research (2007) would be considered so that all the ethical aspects could be effectively met while carrying out the research process. In case any requirement of ethical approval would be required in the process, the same would be considered so that no party would be negatively affected in the process (Romero et al., 2014). Sufficient confidentiality would be maintained throughout the process and respect would be given to all the privacy aspects of all the participants. All the issues relating to confidentiality, approval of ethics, and the withdrawal of participants would be taken care of (McGregor, et al., 2017). The same set of interview questions would be presented to all the participants so that the uniformity can be maintained. The privacy of the participants would be ensured at all times of the process. Once the research activity would be finished the interview responses would be destroyed after a certain point of time (McGuckin Govednik, 2015). Study limitations This research proposal that has been highlighted focuses only on one of the residential facilities of Australia. The primary data analysis would be carried out based on the collected data from the specific care facility so it might vary for other care facilities. The availability of limited funds for the study would act the major limitation (Roberts, et al., 2016). The small fund allocated for the activity would limit the overall scope of the study. It is assumed that all the respondents were sincere while giving the interview questions. The small number of participants could also act as a key limitation in the research process (Romero, et al., 2014). As such, the outcome of the research activity would be entirely based on the primary data responses and the former research studies on the subject. Administration of the research Budget plan and Timeframe Expenses in Dollars Personnel: Coordinator of the project (social work student) Research assistant: 37.5 hours in a week Number of weeks 14-25 29 dollars paid per hour In-Kind 13050 $ Costs of transcription: 12 x 1 hour of interviews 15 dollars per hour For transcribing one hour of interview it takes 7 hours 1260 $ Premises: Office location In- Kind Tape recorder, tapes, microphone, stationery, etc 400 $ Travel: For interviewing the participants 1500 $ Contingency 1000 $ Total costs 17618 $ Conclusion The proposal has been designed with the objective to enhance the management and leadership scenario that is currently exhibited in residential care facilities that are designed for older population in Australia. Both primary data and secondary data would form an integral part of the research process since they would allow capturing the holistic picture relating to the quality of service offered by care homes. Questionnaire What are the issues related to leadership and management with respect to health care other than old age for instance, such as community, acute, primary health care and sub-acute? What the issues related to management and leadership with respect to old aged, nursing homes, long term care, or residential aged care? What do you think is the policy and the system solutions are required for building the capacity of the workforce leadership that is sustainable and for effective management in the residential aged care? What are the crucial features and the impacting factors that are necessary for sustaining the effective workforce management and leadership? What do you think are the best models for developing the workforce leadership within the management that is sustainable in the residential aged care? References Bevilacqua, M., Mazzuto, G., Paciarotti, C. (2014). A combined IDEF0 and FMEA approach to healthcare management reengineering.International Journal of Procurement Management,8(1-2), 25-43. Cazzaniga, S., Fischer, S. (2015). How ICH Uses Organizational Innovations to Meet Challenges in Healthcare Management: A Hospital Case Study. InChallenges and Opportunities in Health Care Management(pp. 355-361). Springer International Publishing. Chen, H., Cheng, B. C., Liao, G. T., Kuo, T. C. (2014). Hybrid classification engine for cardiac arrhythmia cloud service in elderly healthcare management.Journal of Visual Languages Computing,25(6), 745-753. Dwyer, D. (2011). Experiences of registered nurses as managers and leaders in residential aged care facilities: a systematic review. International Journal of Evidence?Based Healthcare, 9(4), 388-402. Dunn, R. (2016).Dunn and Haimann's Healthcare Management. Health Administration Press. Fitzpatrick, P. G., Butler, M., Pitsikoulis, C., Smith, K., Walden, L. (2014). 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A review of electronic hand hygiene monitoring: considerations for hospital management in data collection, healthcare worker supervision, and patient perception.Journal of Healthcare Management,60(5), 348-362. Roberts, J. P., Fisher, T. R., Trowbridge, M. J., Bent, C. (2016, March). A design thinking framework for healthcare management and innovation. InHealthcare(Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 11-14). Elsevier. Romero, J. A. V., Sears, J. D. L., Heredero, C. D. P., Nuijten, M. (2014). Relational coordination and healthcare management in lung cancer.World Journal of Clinical Cases: WJCC,2(12), 757. Rosato, L. O. D. O. V. I. C. O., Raffaelli, M. A. R. C. O., Bellantone, R., Pontecorvi, A., Avenia, N., Boniardi, M., ... De Palma, M. A. U. R. I. Z. I. O. (2014). Diagnostic, therapeutic and healthcare management protocols in parathyroid surgery: II Consensus Conference of the Italian Association of Endocrine Surgery Units (UEC CLUB).Journal of endocrinological investigation,37(2), 149-165. Seid, M. A., Aydagnehum, S. G. (2013). Medicinal plants biodiversity and local Healthcare management system in Chencha District; Gamo Gofa, Ethiopia.Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,2(1). Singh, V. K., Lillrank, P. (Eds.). (2015).Innovations in Healthcare Management: Cost-Effective and Sustainable Solutions. CRC Press. Zeng, Q. L., Li, D. D., Yang, Y. B. (2013). VIKOR method with enhanced accuracy for multiple criteria decision making in healthcare management.Journal of medical systems,37(2), 9908.